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GASTROINTESTINAL
GASTROINTESTINAL
INFECTION
INFECTION
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Class : BS PHARMACY 2-B

Start
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Our Team :

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GITGANO ZAMORA CALBAN

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Chart

Our Team :

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MANUEL CORPUZ RODRIGUEZ

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Contents :
Introduction

Types of gastrointestinal infection

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Viral

Bacterial

Parasitic
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Introduction
The gastrointestinal tract, (GI tract, GIT, digestive tract, digestion tract,
alimentary canal) is the tract from the mouth to the anus which
includes all the organs of the
cs digestive system in humans and other
animals. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract
nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled as feces. The
mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines are all part of the
gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or
pertaining to the stomach and intestines. A tract is a collection of
related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs.
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Types of gastrointestinal infection

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Viral Parasitic

Bacterial
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VIRAL

is an intestinal infection marked by watery

diarrhea, abdominalcs cramps, nausea or vomiting,
and sometimes fever. The most common way to
develop viral gastroenteritis — often called
stomach flu —is through contact with an infected
person or by ingesting contaminated food or
water.
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NOROVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS

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Noroviruses, commonly identified as Norwalk viruses,

are caliciviruses. Several strains can cause
gastroenteritis. There are millions of cases a year,
predominately in infants, young children, and the
elderly.
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Causative agent
Norovirus
Sign & Symptoms
Watery diarrhea, mild cramps, and
fever. Additionally, these viruses
sometimes cause projectile vomiting.
The illness is usually relatively mild,
develops 12 to 48 hours after exposure,
and clears within a couple of days
without treatment. However,
dehydration may occur.
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Transmission
cs The viruses can be transmitted through
direct contact, through touching
contaminated surfaces, and through
contaminated food. Because the virus is
not killed by disinfectants used at
standard concentrations for killing
bacteria, the risk of transmission remains
high, even after cleaning.
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Diagnostic Test
TaqMan-based RT-qPCR assays detect the
RNA of the virus. They can be used to test
stool, vomitus, food, water, and
environmental specimens for norovirus.
RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method
to detect norovirus because they are very
sensitive and specific. They can detect as
few as 10 to 100 norovirus copies.
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Antimicrobial Drugs
Noroviruses, like other viruses, don't
respond to antibiotics, which are designed
csto kill bacteria. No antiviral drug can treat
norovirus, but in healthy people, the illness
should go away on its own within 1 to 3 days
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ROTAVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS

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Worldwide, this is the most common cause of

viral gastroenteritis in children, The infection is
most severe in infants and young children.
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Causative agent
Rotavirus

Sign & Symptoms Transmission

evere watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and/or

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abdominal pain.
is primarily by the fecal–oral route,
decreased urination. directly from person to person, or
indirectly via contaminated fomites.
dry mouth and throat.
feeling dizzy when standing up.
crying with few or no tears and.
unusual sleepiness or fussiness.
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Diagnostic Test
Can be detected in stool specimens
from children with gastroenteritis by
several techniques, including electron
microscopy, polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, antigen detection
assays, reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
and virus isolation.
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Treatment
Since rotavirus disease can cause severe vomiting and
diarrhea, it can lead to dehydration (loss of body
fluids). The best way to protect against dehydration is
cs to drink plenty of liquids.
Severe dehydration may require hospitalization for
treatment with intravenous (IV) fluids that patients
receive directly through their veins. If you or someone
you are caring for is severely dehydrated, contact your
doctor. Infants and young children, older adults, and
people with other illnesses are most at risk of
dehydration.
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ADENOVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS
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Causative agent
Adenovirus
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Sign & Symptoms
Fever, sore throat, bronchitis,
pneumonia, diarrhea, and pink eye
(conjunctivitis), acute gastroenteritis
(inflammation of the stomach or
intestines causing diarrhea, vomiting,
nausea and stomach pain).
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Transmission
• Close personal contact, such as
touching or shaking hands
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• The air by coughing and sneezing
• Touching an object or surface with
adenoviruses on it, then touching your
mouth, nose, or eyes before washing
your hands
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Diagnostic Test Antimicrobial Drugs

Antigen detection, polymerase chain Cidofovir

reaction (PCR), virus isolation, and (has been used to treat severe
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serology. adenovirus infections in people with
immunocompromised systems in specific
situations however there are no FDA-
approved antiviral drugs for adenovirus
treatment.)
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ASTROVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS

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Causative agent
Astrovirus
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Sign & Symptoms Transmission

•Nausea •Fecal-oral route

•Vomiting •Contaminated food
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•Stomach ache •Water, or fomites have been
•Loss of appetite suspected in several breakouts

•Body aches
•Fever
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Diagnostic Test Treatment

•Virus visualization, virus culture There are currently no antiviral

antigen detection, or genome treatments to target astrovirus
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amplification. infections nor vaccines to prevent
them
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Bacterial

Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract generally occur when

bacteria or bacterial toxins are ingested in contaminated food or water.
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Toxins and other virulence factors can produce gastrointestinal
inflammation and general symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Bacterial GI infections can vary widely in terms of severity and treatment.
Some can be treated with antibiotics, but in other cases antibiotics may be
ineffective in combating toxins or even counterproductive if they
compromise the GI microbiota.
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Bacillus cereus infection

Causative agent
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Bacillus cereus

Sign & Symptoms

Nausea, pain, abdominal cramps,

diarrhea or vomiting
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Diagnostic Test None

Ingestion of contaminated
rice or meat, even after cs
cooking
Testing stool sample,
vomitus, or uneaten food
for presence of bacteria
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Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis

Causative agent
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Campylobacter jejuni

Sign & Symptoms

Fever, diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, and

sometimes dysentery; sometimes more severe
organ or autoimmune effects
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Ingestion of unpasteurized
milk, undercooked chicken, Diagnostic Test Generally none; erythromycin
or contaminated water or ciprofloxacin if necessary
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Culture on selective
medium with elevated
temperature and low
oxygen concentration
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Cholera

Causative agent
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Vibrio cholera

Sign & Symptoms

Severe diarrhea and fluid loss, potentially

leading to shock, renal failure, and death
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Ingestion of contaminated
water or food Diagnostic Test Generally none; tetracyclines,
azithromycin, others if
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Culture on selective necessary
medium (TCBS agar);
distinguished as oxidase
positive with fermentative
metabolisms
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Clostridium difficile infection

Causative agent
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Clostridium difficile

Sign & Symptoms

Pseudomembranous colitis, watery diarrhea,

fever, abdominal pain, loss of appetite,
dehydration; in severe cases, perforation of the
colon, septicemia, shock, and death
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Transmission Treatment

Overgrowth of C. difficile in
the normal microbiota due to Diagnostic Test Discontinuation of previous
antibiotic use; hospital- antibiotic treatment;
acquired infections in cs
Detection of toxin in stool, metronidazole or vancomycin
immunocompromised
nucleic acid amplification
patients
tests (e.g., PCR)
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Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis

Causative agent
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Clostridium perfringens (especially type A)

Sign & Symptoms

Mild cramps and diarrhea in most cases; in rare

cases, hemorrhaging, vomiting, intestinal
gangrene, and death
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Ingestion of
undercooked meats Diagnostic Test
None
containing C. cs
perfringens endospores Detection of toxin or
bacteria in stool or
uneaten food
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E. coli infection

Causative agent
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ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EHEC

Sign & Symptoms

Watery diarrhea, dysentery, cramps, malaise,

fever, chills, dehydration; in EHEC, possible
severe complications such as hematolytic
uremic syndrome
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Ingestion of Not recommended for EIEC

contaminated food or Diagnostic Test
water cs
Tissue culture,
immunochemical assays,
PCR, gene probes
and EHEC;
fluoroquinolones,
doxycycline, rifaximin, and
TMP/SMZ possible for ETEC
and EPEC
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Peptic ulcers

Causative agent
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Helicobacter pylori

Sign & Symptoms

Nausea, bloating, burping, lack of appetite,

weight loss, perforation of stomach, blood in
stools
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Normal flora, can also be Amoxicillin,

acquired via saliva, Fecal-
oral route via
contaminated food and
water
Diagnostic Test
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Breath test, detection of
antibodies in blood,
detection of bacteria in
stool sample or stomach
biopsy
clarithromycin
metronidazole,
tetracycline, lansoprazole;
antacids may also be
given in combination with
antibiotics
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Salmonellosis

Causative agent
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Salmonella enterica, serotype Enteritides

Sign & Symptoms

Fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,

headache, diarrhea; can be fatal in infants
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Ingestion of
Diagnostic Test Not generally
contaminated food,
recommended;
handling of eggshells or cs
Culturing, serotyping fluoroquinolones,
contaminated animals
and DNA fingerprinting ampicillin, others for
immunocompromised
patients
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Shigella dysentery

Causative agent
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Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei

Sign & Symptoms

Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea, dysentery;

possible complications: reactive arthritis and
hemolytic uremic syndrome
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Fecal-oral route via

contaminated food and Diagnostic Test
water cs Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin
Testing of stool samples for
presence of blood and
leukocytes; culturing, PCR,
immunoassay for S.
dysenteriae
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Typhoid fever

Causative agent
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S. enterica, subtypes Typhi or Paratyphi

Sign & Symptoms

Aches, headaches, nausea, lethargy, diarrhea or

constipation, possible rash; lethal perforation of
intestine can occur
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Transmission Antimicrobial Drugs

Fecal-oral route; may be Diagnostic Test

spread by asymptomatic Fluoroquinolones,
carriers cs ceftriaxone, azithromycin;
Culture of blood, stool, or preventive vaccine available
bone marrow, serologic
tests; PCR tests when
available
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PARASITIC INFECTION

Are a big problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the

world. Malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases
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4 COMMON PARASITIC INFECTIONS:

• Giardiasis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Trichomoniasis
• Toxoplasmosis
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GIARDIASIS

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Causative agent
Flagellate Protozoan Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as G
lamblia)
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Sign & Symptoms Treatment

Fatigue, nausea ,diarrhea or greasy stools, loss • Metronidazole

of appetite, vomiting, bloating and abdominal cs • Tinidazole
cramps and headaches
• Nitazoxanide
• Paromomycin
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CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS

Causative agent
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Cryptosporidium Hominis
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Sign & Symptoms Treatment

Frequent and watery diarrhea, nausea, • Nitazoxanide

vomiting, stomach cramps, and fever   cs
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TRICHOMONIASIS

Causative agent
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Trichomonas Vaginalis
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Sign & Symptoms Treatment

Men - Itching or irritation inside the penis;,
Burning after urination or ejaculation;, • Either metronidazole or
Discharge from the penis. tinidazole
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Women - Itching, burning, redness or soreness
of the genitals;, Discomfort with urination;, A
change in their vaginal discharge (i.e., thin
discharge or increased volume) that can be
clear, white, yellowish, or greenish with an
unusual fishy smell.
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TOXOPLASMOSIS

Causative agent
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Sign & Symptoms Treatment

• Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
Body aches, Swollen lymph nodes, Headache,
Fever and Fatigue   cs and sulfadiazine
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Thank You . . .
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