Metodologi Riset

Pertemuan 7
Interview
• According to McNamara (1999):
• Interviews are particularly useful for getting the story
behind a participant’s experience.
• The interviewer can pursue in-depth information about
the topic
• Interviews might be useful as a follow up to certain
respondents.
Advantages of using interview
• Opportunity for feedback
• Probing complex answers
• Length of interview
• Properties or visual aids
• High participation
Disadvantages of using interview
• Cost
• Lack of anonymity
• Variance effects
• Dishonesty
• Personal style
• Global considerations
The Interview Question Hierarchy
Interviewer Responsibilities
• Develops
Recommends pretasking
topics and
activities
questions
• Prepares
Controls interview
research tools
• Supervises
Plans location
transcription
and facilities
• Helps
Proposes
analyze
criteria
datafor drawing sample
• Draws
Writes insights
screener
• Writes
Recruitsreport
participants
Elements of a Recruitment
Screener
• Behavior
Heading questions
• Lifestyle
Screeningquestions
requirements
• Attitudinal
Identity information
and knowledge questions
• Articulation
Introductionand creative questions
• Offer/
Security
Termination
questions
• Demographic questions
Interview Formats

Unstructured

Semi-structured

Structured
Requirements for
Unstructured Interviews
Developed dialog

Probe for Distinctions Interviewer

answers creativity

Interviewer skill
The Interview Mode

Individual Group
IDI vs Group
Individual Interview Group Interview
Research Objective
• Explore life of individual in depth • Orient the researcher to a field of inquiry and the
• Create case histories through repeated interviews language of the field
over time • Explore a range of attitudes, opinions, and behaviors
• Test a survey • Observe a process of consensus and disagreement

Topic Concerns
• Detailed individual experiences, choices, biographies • Issues of public interest or common concern
• Sensitive issues that might provoke anxiety • Issues where little is known or of a hypothetical nature

Participants
• Time-pressed participants or those difficult to recruit • Participants whose backgrounds are similar or not so
(e.g., elite or high-status participants) dissimilar as to generate conflict or discomfort
•Participants with sufficient language skills (e.g., those • Participants who can articulate their ideas
older than seven) • Participants who offer a range of positions on issues
• Participants whose distinctions would inhibit
participation
Steps for personal interview
• Rapport building
• Interviewer should increase the receptiveness of the
respondent
• Make him/her believe that his/her opinions are very
useful to the research, and is going to be a pleasure
rather than an ordeal
Steps for personal interview
• Introduction
• Interviewer identifying him/herself by giving his/her
name, purpose, and sponsorship if any.
• Provide introductory letter
Steps for personal interview
• Probing
• Probing is a technique of encouraging respondents to
answer:
• Completely
• Freely
• Relevantly
Steps in personal interview
• Recording
• The interviewer can either write the response at the
time of interview or after interview
• In certain cases, where the respondent allows for it,
audio or visual aids can be used to record answers
Closing
• Thank the respondents, emphasise that the
responses provided are very significant for the
research.
• Confidentiality will be ensured
Types of Research Using IDIs
Oral histories

Sequential
Sequential Life
Life histories
histories
interviewing
interviewing
Types
Types
Cultural Critical
Cultural
interviews incident
interviews
techniques
Ethnography
Ethnography
Projective Techniques
• The presentation of an ambiguous, unstructured
object, activity, or person that a respondent is
asked to interpret and explain.
• The respondents are asked to interpret the
behaviour of others / objects and this way, they
indirectly reveal their own behaviour in the same
situation.
Projective Techniques
Laddering MET
MET Association
Laddering Association

Semantic
Semantic Sentence
Sentence
Mapping
Mapping Data
Data Completion
Completion
Collection
Collection
Sensory
Sensory sorts
sorts Techniques
Techniques Cartoons
Cartoons

Component
Component Imagination
Imagination Thematic
Thematic
Sorts
Sorts Exercises
Exercises Apperception
Apperception
 Projective Techniques

Anderson Analytics
uses a cast of
characters during
interviewing.
Group Interviews

• Dyads
• Triads
• Mini-Groups
• Small Groups
(Focus Group)
• Supergroups

7-21
Determining the Number of
Groups
Scope
Scope

Number
Number of
of distinct
distinct segments
segments

Desired
Desired number
number of
of ideas
ideas

Desired
Desired level
level of
of detail
detail

Level
Level of
of distinction
distinction

Homogeneity
Homogeneity
Group Interview Modes
Face-to-Face

Telephone

Online

Videoconference

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Analysing Interview
• Coding: a process of identifying and organising
themes in qualitative data.
• Descriptive coding—manifest content analysis
• Analytic coding—latent content analysis
• Start with:
– List of what you think are most important themes
– Conditions, interactions, strategies and tactics and
– Descriptive, analytic from literature review.
• https://www.slideshare.net/VinayKumar49/intervie
w-method-in-research
• https://humanities.curtin.edu.au/wp-content/uploa
ds/sites/4/2016/10/interviewing-workshop-slides-2
016.pdf