Mrs.

Melendez-Beltran
Pre-AICE Chem
Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

introduction for bonds

Helium
atom
 electron shells
a) Atomic number = number of Electrons

b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy

they possess, and they occur at certain
energy levels or electron shells.

c) Electron shells determine how an atom

behaves when it encounters other atoms
 Electrons are placed in shells
according to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,
and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8
electrons.
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
 Why are electrons important?
1) Elements have different electron
configurations
 different electron configurations mean
different levels of bonding
 Electron Dot Structures
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-
shell electrons

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He:
      

Li Be  B  C  N  O : F  :Ne :

    

      

Na Mg  Al  Si   P S

  :Cl  :Ar :
    
Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells

1. Ionic bonds –
2. Covalent bonds –
3. Metallic bonds
 Learning Check

A. X would be the electron dot formula for
1) Na 2) K 3) Al

B. X would be the electron dot formula


1) B 2) N 3) P
 IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
 Formation of Ions from Metals
 Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
 Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
 Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals  ion 1+
Group 2 metals  ion 2+
• Group 13 metals  ion 3+
 Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na  – e  Na +

2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
 Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion


Mg  – 2e  Mg2+

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
 Some Typical Ions with Positive
Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+ Sr2+
K+ Ba2+
 Learning Check

A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

1) 1 e- 2) 2 e- 3) 3 e-

B. Change in electrons for octet

1) lose 3e- 2) gain 3 e- 3) gain 5 e-

C. Ionic charge of aluminum

1) 3- 2) 5- 3) 3+
 Solution

A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

3) 3 e-

B. Change in electrons for octet

1) lose 3e-

C. Ionic charge of aluminum

3) 3+
 Learning Check

Give the ionic charge for each of the following:

A. 12 p+ and 10 e-
1) 0 2) 2+ 3) 2-
B. 50p+ and 46 e-
1) 2+ 2) 4+ 3) 4-
C. 15 p+ and 18e-
1) 3+ 2) 3- 3) 5-
 Ions from Nonmetal Ions

In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17

gain electrons from metals

Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet

arrangement

Nonmetal ionic charge:

3-, 2-, or 1-
 Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron octet
  1-
:F + e : F:
 

2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

9 p+ 9 p+
9 e- 10 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
 Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
• Bond formed by transfer of electrons
• Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
• Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
The link between valency and position in
the Periodic Table
Common simple ions
Polyatomic ions are made up of
atoms covalently bonded with a
net charge
 Binary Ionic Compounds
• Contain a metallic cation and a nonmetallic
anion.
• Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
– Electron(s) is/are transferred from metal to
nonmetal
– Metal becomes positive, nonmetal becomes
negative
– Opposite charges attract
Conceptual Problem
Conceptual Problem
Conceptual Problem
Conceptual Problem
 Formulas for Ionic Compounds
• Monatomic ions are one-atom ions
– Examples: Mg2+ , Br-1

• Oxidation numbers are the charges on ions

– Note: some elements have multiple oxidation states
– you will have a periodic table to tell this

• Binary ionic compounds are made of two

monatomic ions (one positive, one negative)
 Formulas for Binary Ionic
Compounds
• Symbol for cation is written first, anion second

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element

• What are the following compounds made of?

– CaF2 1 calcium, 2 fluorine
– Na2S 2 sodium, 1 sulfur
– NaCl 1 sodium, 1 chlorine
 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
• Name the cation first, the cation will have the same
name as the element
• Name the anion second with –ide at the end the cation
is always named first and the anion named second
• There some exceptions with polyatomic ions

• Examples
– CaF2  calcium fluoride
– Na2S  sodium sulfide
– NaCl  sodium chloride
Naming compounds 1-2-3 steps
 Try Naming a few more
Binary Ionic Compounds
• K2O potassium oxide

• Al2S3 aluminum sulfide

• Na3N sodium nitride

What if the cation has more than one
oxidation state?
• You tell which ion was used by putting a Roman Numeral after
the name of the cation
• Example:
– CuS
• We know S was -2 (that’s the only one it makes)
• If there is only one atom of each element, the Cu must have
been +2
• So, the name is written as Copper (II) sulfide [the “II”
indicates the charge]
• Make sure, especially with transition elements, that you are
checking the oxidation states
 Writing Formulas for Binary
Ionic Compounds
• Look up the charges for each element
• For a compound to form, the total charge must
balance out to zero (positive charges must equal
negative charges)
• Example:
– Sodium bromide
• Na is +1, Br is -1
• Only need one of each to balance
• Formula is NaBr
 Writing Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
• Example: aluminum oxide
• The cation of aluminum oxide is Al3 + and the anion
of oxygen is O2-. The following diagram helps us to
determine the subscripts of compound formed by the
anion and cation:
Al3+ O2-

Al2O3
• The addition of the charges is 2 x (+ 3) + 3 (- 2) = 0
and x + 6 + - 6 = 0. So that the formula is Al2O3.
 Try writing some more formulas
Binary Ionic Compounds
• Potassium Iodide KI

• Aluminum bromide AlBr3

• Magnesium chloride MgCl2

• Cesium nitride Cs3N

 Formulas for Polyatomic
Ionic Compounds
• Polyatomic ions are ions that are made up
of more than one atom

– SO42- = sulfate
– CN- = cyanide
– NH4+ = ammonium
Here is a list of polyatomic ions.
 Naming Polyatomic
Ionic Compounds
• Name the cation first, anion second
• Name the polyatomic as is – don’t change its
name at all

• Examples:
– Ca3(PO4)2 calcium phosphate
– Mg(CN)2 magnesium cyanide
– NH4Cl ammonium chloride
 Now you try naming
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
• NaNO3 sodium nitrate

• Ca(ClO3)2 calcium chlorate

• Al2(CO3)3 aluminum
carbonate
 Writing formulas for
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
• Same as binary ionic compounds EXCEPT you
may not change anything in the polyatomic ion
formula
• Put them in a (parenthesis) and put subscripts
outside that parenthesis
• Example:
– Calcium Nitrate
• Ions are Ca2+ and NO3-
• Formula will be Ca(NO3)2
 Now you try writing formulas for
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
• Sodium hydroxide NaOH

• Copper (II) nitrate Cu(NO3)2

• Silver chromate Ag2CrO4

• Summary and video to name compounds

Naming ionic compounds
problems
Formation of Ionic Compounds
• NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride.
Compound formation and charge
• In order to get a net charge of zero, two
negative charges are needed. Therefore, a
compound with calcium and chloride must
have one calcium atom (Ca2+) and 2
chlorine atoms (Cl-).
•  
Properties of Ionic Compounds
–Most ionic compounds are
crystalline solids at room
temperature.
–Ionic compounds generally have
high melting points.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
• The orderly arrangement of component ions
produces the beauty of crystalline solids.
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Take the structure of a crystal lattice
– Many units of positive and negative ions stick
together in a three-dimensional geometric
arrangement
 Properties of the ionic compounds
• Because ions in ionic compounds are
arranged in crystal lattice, the energy
required to separate 1 mole of ions of an
ionic compound is referred as energy
lattice.
• Lattice energy is directly related to the size
of the ions bonded.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
–Ionic compounds can conduct an electric current
when melted or dissolved in water.
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Can conduct electricity when dissolved in
water (they are electrolytes and break into
ions when dissolved in water), but not in solid
form.
• Melting point, boiling point and hardness
depend upon how strongly the ions are
attracted to each other.
 Summary
Properties of ionic compounds
• Ionic compounds contain ionic bond formed by
the attraction of opposite charged ions.
• Ions in an ionic compound are arranged in a
repeating pattern known as crystal lattice.
• Ionic compounds properties are related to the
ionic strength.
• Ionic compounds are electrolytes; they conduct
an electric current in the liquid phase in an
aqueous solution.
• Lattice energy is the energy needed to remove 1
mol of ions from its lattice.
 Chem Lab: Synthesize an Ionic
Compound (Magnesium Oxide)
• Follow the
instruction given in
the provided
worksheet:
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
 Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Each atom contributes one electron to the bond.
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not conductors
at any state.
• Molecules are formed from atoms linked together by
covalent bonds.
• Examples; O2 , H2 , F2 – diatomic molecules CO2,
C2H6, H2O, SiC
 Bonds in all the
polyatomic ions and
diatomics are all
covalent bonds “the
super seven”
2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

Why do atoms bond?

Diatomic molecules (H2, F2 for example)

exist because two-atom molecules are
more stable than single atoms.
Why do atoms bond? (cont.)

The most stable

arrangement of
atoms exists at the
point of maximum
net attraction,
where the atoms
bond covalently and
form a molecule.
Single Covalent Bonds

When only one pair of electrons is shared, the

result is a single covalent bond.
The figure shows two hydrogen atoms forming
a hydrogen molecule with a single covalent
bond, resulting in an electron configuration
like helium.
Single Covalent Bonds

Atoms of group 14 elements form four single

covalent bonds, such as in methane.
Multiple Covalent Bonds

Double bonds form when two pairs of

electrons are shared between two atoms.

Triple bonds form when three pairs of electrons

are shared between two atoms.
 Properties of Covalent
Compounds:
• Simple molecular structures are usually gases or liquids
and sometimes solids with low melting points; this is
because of weak forces of attraction between the
molecules which can be broken easily.
• Giant molecular structures have very high melting
points because the whole structure is held together with
very strong covalent bonds.
• Most of them do not conduct electricity
• Most of them are insoluble in water
Covalent bonds are different from ionic
bonds because:
A. atoms in a covalent bond lose
electrons to another atom
B. atoms in a covalent bond do not have A. A
noble-gas electron configurations
C. atoms in a covalent bond share B. B
electrons with another atom C. C
D. atoms in covalent bonds gain 0%
D. 0%
D
0% 0%

electrons from another atom A B C D

 Types of Covalent Structures:
Simple Molecular Structure:
• They are simple and contain only
a few atoms in one molecule.
• Covalent bonds between the
atoms within a molecule
(intermolecular bonds) are strong
but they have weak bonds
between molecules
(intermolecular bonds).
• These forces increase as the size
of the molecule increases.
Giant Molecular Structure:
• They are also known as
macromolecular
structures. One molecule
contains hundreds of
thousands of atoms.
• They have extremely
strong bonds between the
atoms (intermolecular
bonds).
 What are allotropes?
• When an element exists in several physical forms of
the same state, it is said to exhibit allotropy. Each
form of this element is an allotrope.
• Lots of elements exhibit allotropy. Carbon has two
very popular allotropes, diamond and graphite.
• Diamond and graphite are both made of carbon
only. However, they look very different and have
different physical properties. They are both giant
molecular structures.
 Diamonds
• In diamond’s structure, each
carbon atom is covalently bonded
to four other carbon atoms by
very strong bonds forming a 3D
tetrahedral shape.
 The physical properties of
diamond:
• Has a very high melting point (almost 4000°C).
Very strong carbon-carbon covalent bonds have to
be broken throughout the structure before melting
occurs,
• Is very hard. This is again due to the need to break
very strong covalent bonds operating in 3-
dimensions,
• Doesn't conduct electricity. All the electrons are held
tightly between the atoms, and aren't free to move.
 Graphite
• In the graphite structure, each carbon atom is
strongly bonded covalently to three other
carbon atoms forming layers of linked
hexagons.
• Each layer acts as a molecule, the
intermolecular forces between the layers is very
weak allowing layers to slide over each other.
• This makes graphite a good lubricant.
 The physical properties of
graphite
• Has a high melting point, similar to that of
diamond. In order to melt graphite, it isn't
enough to loosen one sheet from another.
You have to break the covalent bonding
throughout the whole structure,
• Has a soft, slippery feel, and is used in
pencils and as a dry lubricant for things like
locks.
 The physical properties of
graphite
• You can think of graphite rather like a pack
of cards - each card is strong, but the cards
will slide over each other, or even fall off
the pack altogether. When you use a pencil,
sheets are rubbed off and stick to the paper,
• Has a lower density than diamond. This is
because of the relatively large amount of
space that is "wasted" between the sheets,
 The physical properties of
graphite
• Is insoluble in water and organic solvents - for the same
reason that diamond is insoluble. Attractions between
solvent molecules and carbon atoms will never be strong
enough to overcome the strong covalent bonds in
graphite,
• Conducts electricity. The delocalised electrons are free
to move throughout the sheets. If a piece of graphite is
connected into a circuit, electrons can fall off one end of
the sheet and be replaced with new ones at the other end.
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

The first element is always named first using

the entire element name.
The second element is named using its root and
adding the suffix –ide.
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

Prefixes are used to indicate the number of

atoms of each element in a compound.
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds (cont.)

Many compounds were discovered and given

common names long before the present
naming system was developed (water,
ammonia, hydrazine, nitric oxide).
Naming Acids
Section 8-2
The first word has the prefix hydro- followed
by the root of the element plus the suffix –
ic.
The second word is always acid (hydrochloric
acid is HCl in water).
Naming Acids (cont.)

An oxyacid is an acid that contains both a

hydrogen atom and an oxyanion.
Identify the oxyanion present.
The first word is the root of the oxyanion and
the prefix per- or hypo- if it is part of the
name, plus the suffix -ic if the anion ends in
-ate or -ous if the oxyanion ends in -ite.
Naming Acids (cont.)

The second word is always acid.

Naming Acids (cont.)

An acid, whether a binary acid or an oxyacid,

can have a common name in addition to its
compound name.
Naming Acids (cont.)

The name of a molecular compound reveals

its composition and is important in
communicating the nature of the
compound.
Naming Acids (cont.)
Assessment

Give the binary molecular name for water

(H2O).
A. dihydrogen oxide
B. dihydroxide A. A
C. hydrogen monoxide
D. dihydrogen monoxide
B. B
C. C
0% 0% 0% 0%

A B D. D
C D
METALLIC BOND
bond found in
metals; holds metal
atoms together
very strongly
Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty
of bones to go around.
Metallic Bond, A Sea of
Electrons
 Metallic bonds and the
properties of metals
• The electron sea model proposes that all the
metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute
their valence electrons to form a “sea” of
electrons
• Since the electrons are free to move, they are
called delocalized electrons
• A metallic bond is the attraction of a
metallic cation for delocalized electrons
 Properties of Metals

• Moderately high melting

points
• High boiling points
• Malleable, ductile, durable
• Conduct heat and
electricity well
• Transition metals are
harder/stronger than alkali
metals because the
transition metals have
more delocalized electrons
 Metals Form Alloys
Metals do not combine with metals. They form
Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal.
Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
 Lesson Essential Question

•How do you write formulas and name ionic

compounds?
•HOMEWORK 25 points
•Do the practice problems from the pages 84,
87and 94.
•Song for ionic bonds and covalent bonds
•Introduction to bonding
 Practice
• State type of bond:
• NaCl;
• Ionic Bond
• C2H6;
• Covalent Bond
• Na(CO3)2;
• Ionic & Covalent
 UEQ
• Unit Essential Question (UEQ): How are
bonds structured and formed?