WRITING CHAPTER – II

APA CITATION
 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
 RESEARCH LITERATURE
ONLY
THOSE WHO  FOREIGN RELATED STUDIES
HAVE  LOCAL RELATED STUDIES
COURAGE
CAN ENTER
 SYNTHESIS
THIS DOOR
 CONCEPTUAL
LITERATURE
Conceptual Literature are the standards or
existing rules and regulations, guidelines and
policies and challenges in the implementation in
the business operation aligned with the present
study conducted by the researcher.
 WAYS TO PRESENT THE RRLS
(Review of Related Literatures and Studies)

 RRLS presented based on the year it was written.

 Thematic (belong or relating topics) or Factor Approach,
 Literature and studies with the same findings are group together,
 Presentation of RRL is based on variables or theme.
 Country or Origin Approach – categorized the country where the
RRL came from. Usually Foreign is stated first followed by the
Local RRL
 RESEARCH LITERATURE
• includes the relevant researchers in both foreign and local
studies;

this studies are vital in providing substantial support for

the present study.

Its is composed of discussion of facts and principles to

which the present study is related.
 RELATED STUDIES

These studies, inquiries or investigations already

conducted to which the present prosed studies is
related or has some bearing or similarity, it may be a
foreign or local studies
 APA CITATIONS
(American Psychological Association)
Known for its author – date structure, e.g. In-text citation (within the sentence):
Somovar and Porter (1997) point out that “Language involves attaching meaning
to symbols” “Language involves attaching meaning to symbols”(Somovar & Porter,
1997). Indirect quotation/ paraphrasing: Attaching meaning to symbols is considered
to be the origin of written language (Somovar & Porter, 1997) Citation from the
secondary source:
As Hall (1997) asserts, “Culture also defines boundaries of deferent groups” ( as
cited in ”(Somovar & Porter, 1997).
Other considerations in APA citation: If there is no date write n.d. e.g. (Ilagan,
n.d.) if 3 to 5 authors, cite all the surnames for the first appearance Include the page
if there is any. E.g. (Ocampo & Gonda, 2011, p. 14)
 SYNTHESIS
This is a brief summary of the RRL. Include also the
similarities and differences of your current study to the
previous ones.

HYPOTHESIS – shrewd guess of inference that is

formulated and provisionally adopted to explain, observed
facts or conditions and to guide in further investigations.
( Sanchez 1998)
TIPS in writing RRLS