IGCSE BIOLOGY

SECTION 2 LESSON 4
 Content

Section 2
a) Levels of organisation
b) Cell structure
Structures c) Biological molecules
and d) Movement of substances
functions into and out of cells
in living e) Nutrition
organisms f) Respiration
g) Gas exchange
h) Transport
i) Excretion
j) Coordination and response
 Content

Lesson 4 f) Respiration
2.33 understand that the process of
respiration releases energy in living organisms
f) Respiration 2.34 describe the differences between aerobic
and anaerobic respiration
g) Gas 2.35 write the word equation and the balanced
exchange chemical symbol equation for aerobic
respiration in living organisms
2.36 write the word equation for anaerobic
respiration in plants and in animals
2.37 describe experiments to investigate the
evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from
respiring seeds or other suitable living
organisms.
 Content

Lesson 4 g) Gas exchange

2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange

Flowering plants
f) Respiration 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation
to respiration and photosynthesis
g) Gas 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night,

exchange
but
that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the
intensity of light
2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange
2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange
2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas
exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Humans
2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal
muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural
membranes
2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in
ventilation
2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion
between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries
2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the
lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease
2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on
breathing in humans.
 What is respiration?

What is gaseous exchange?

 What is respiration?
Respiration is the release of energy from
the breakdown of glucose, by combining it
with oxygen inside living cells.

What is gaseous exchange?

 What is respiration?
Respiration is the release of energy from
the breakdown of glucose, by combining it
with oxygen inside living cells.

What is gaseous exchange?

Gaseous exchange is the movement of
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into
and out of an organism.
 Respiration – two sorts
Aerobic respiration - in the
presence of oxygen.

Involves the complete

breakdown of glucose.

Provides more energy.

End products in animals and

plants: carbon dioxide and
water
 Respiration – two sorts
Aerobic respiration - in the Anaerobic respiration - in the
presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen.

Involves the complete Involves the incomplete

breakdown of glucose. breakdown of glucose.

Provides more energy. Provides less energy.

End products in animals and End product in animals – lactic

plants: carbon dioxide and acid. End product in plants -
water ethanol
 Aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

 Aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 Aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

What do you
notice?
 Photosynthesis

Light

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chlorophyll
 Glucose
Blood capillary

Muscle cell
 Glucose
Blood capillary

Glucose + Oxygen

Muscle cell
Glucose and oxygen
diffuse from the
blood into the muscle
cell
 Glucose
Deoxygenated red
Blood capillary
blood cells

Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water

Muscle cell
Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide and
diffuse from the water diffuse from
blood into the muscle the muscle cell into
cell the blood
 Glucose
Deoxygenated red
Blood capillary
blood cells

Energy

Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water

Muscle cell
Glucose and oxygen Energy is used
Carbon dioxide and
diffuse from the for muscle water diffuse from
blood into the muscle contraction the muscle cell into
cell the blood
 Levels of Organisation
A. Cells
 Levels of Organisation
A. Cells
Mitochondria -
organelles inside the cell
where cellular
respiration takes place.
They absorb glucose and
oxygen, release the
energy and then convert
it into forms that are
usable by the cell.
Mitochondria are more
numerous in active cells
such as muscle cells.
 Why anaerobic respiration?
If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic
respiration, why do cells bother?
Sometimes our muscles are
working so hard that the
lungs and bloodstream
cannot deliver oxygen fast
enough, so the muscles must
respire anaerobically.

This can lead to a build up of

lactic acid in the muscle.
 Why anaerobic respiration?
If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic
respiration, why do cells bother?

A lactic acid build-up in

muscles can result in cramp,
an unpleasant and often
painful sensation caused by
muscle contraction or over-
shortening.
 Why anaerobic respiration?
If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic
respiration, why do cells bother?

In order to break down

the lactic acid the body
needs more oxygen 
OXYGEN DEBT
 Why anaerobic respiration?
If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic
respiration, why do cells bother?
Anaerobic respiration in
plants
Anaerobic respiration in
plants
Glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
Anaerobic respiration in
plants
Glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2

 Anaerobic respiration in
plants
Glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2

In plants, anaerobic respiration (respiration without

oxygen) is known as fermentation. This process is
commonly used to our advantage in the production of beer
and ales, and wine.
Aerobic v Anaerobic
 Aerobic v Anaerobic
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

A very efficient method of Inefficient (incomplete

producing energy. breakdown of glucose) –
releases 1/20th energy
compared to aerobic.
 Aerobic v Anaerobic
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

A very efficient method of Inefficient (incomplete

producing energy. breakdown of glucose) –
releases 1/20th energy
compared to aerobic.
Occurs during normal daily Produces energy much
activity. faster over a short time
period. Eg. sprinting
 Aerobic v Anaerobic
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

A very efficient method of Inefficient (incomplete

producing energy. breakdown of glucose) –
releases 1/20th energy
compared to aerobic.
Occurs during normal daily Produces energy much
activity. faster over a short time
period. Eg. sprinting
Produces energy more slowly Build-up of waste products
than anaerobic. eventually stops the muscle
from working
 Content

Lesson 4 g) Gas exchange

2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange

Flowering plants
f) Respiration 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation
to respiration and photosynthesis
g) Gas 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night,

exchange
but
that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the
intensity of light
2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange
2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange
2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas
exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Humans
2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal
muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural
membranes
2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in
ventilation
2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion
between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries
2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the
lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease
2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on
breathing in humans.
 What is respiration?
Respiration is the release of energy from
the breakdown of glucose, by combining it
with oxygen inside living cells.

What is gaseous exchange?

Gaseous exchange is the movement of
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into
and out of an organism.
 What is gaseous exchange?
Gaseous exchange is the movement of
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into
and out of an organism.

Gaseous exchange is brought about by the

actions of the breathing system (also
referred to in some textbooks as the
respiratory system)
The Breathing System
The Breathing System
Trachea –
surrounded by rings of
cartilage to stop it
collapsing
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women.
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women.

Rib muscles - the

intercostals. Raise
and lower the rib cage
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the

intercostals. Raise
and lower the rib cage
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the

intercostals. Raise
and lower the rib cage

Diaphragm – a sheet
of muscle used in the
mechanism of
breathing
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the

intercostals. Raise
and lower the rib cage

Right bronchus – a
branch of the trachea

Diaphragm – a sheet
of muscle used in the
mechanism of
breathing
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the Bronchiole - a

intercostals. Raise smaller branch of the
and lower the rib cage bronchus
Right bronchus – a
branch of the trachea

Diaphragm – a sheet
of muscle used in the
mechanism of
breathing
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the Bronchiole - a

intercostals. Raise smaller branch of the
and lower the rib cage bronchus
Right bronchus – a
branch of the trachea Alveoli - clusters of
grape-like air sacs
where gas exchange
Diaphragm – a sheet takes place
of muscle used in the
mechanism of
breathing
 The Breathing System
Trachea –
Ribs – these protect surrounded by rings of
the contents of the cartilage to stop it
thorax. There are 12 collapsing
pairs of ribs in both
men and women. Left lung

Rib muscles - the Bronchiole - a

intercostals. Raise smaller branch of the
and lower the rib cage bronchus
Right bronchus – a
branch of the trachea Alveoli - clusters of
grape-like air sacs
where gas exchange
Diaphragm – a sheet takes place
of muscle used in the
mechanism of
breathing
 Alveolus (plural alveoli)
Where oxygen and carbon dioxide move between
the lungs and the blood stream.
 Bronchiole
Alveolus

There are millions of alveoli in each lung, very close to

blood capillaries
 Bronchiole
Alveolus
1

1. Deoxygenated blood flow from the tissues, rich in

carbon dioxide
 Bronchiole
Alveolus

2. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood stream into

the alveoli, and then into the bronchiole
 Bronchiole
Alveolus

3
3. Oxygen diffuses from the bronchiole into the alveoli
and then into the red blood cells.
 Bronchiole
4
Alveolus

4. Oxygenated blood now leaves the alveoli and carries

oxygen to the tissues.
Features of the alveoli:
Features of the alveoli:
1. A very large, moist
surface area.
Features of the alveoli:
1.A very large, moist
surface area.
2.An excellent capillary
blood supply
Features of the alveoli:
1.A very large, moist
surface area.
2.An excellent capillary
blood supply
3.Very thin cell
membrane separating
blood and lung
 Ventilation

INHALATION = taking air into the lungs

EXHALATION = removing air from the

lungs
 Ventilation

IN OUT

Nitrogen 79% Nitrogen 79%

Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16%

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide
0.04% 4%
 Ventilation
BREATHING IN

Rib cage moves

upwards and
outwards.

Overall effect:
volume of the thorax
Diaphragm moves increases, pressure
downwards and decreases, so air is
becomes flatter. drawn IN
 Ventilation
BREATHING OUT

Rib cage moves

downwards and
inwards.

Overall effect:
volume of the thorax
Diaphragm moves decreases, pressure
upwards and becomes increases, so air is
dome shaped. pushed OUT
 Content

Lesson 4 g) Gas exchange

2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange

Flowering plants
f) Respiration 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation
to respiration and photosynthesis
g) Gas 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night,

exchange
but
that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the
intensity of light
2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange
2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange
2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas
exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Humans
2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal
muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural
membranes
2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in
ventilation
2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion
between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries
2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the
lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease
2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on
breathing in humans.
 Leaf adaptations
Cross section through a leaf

Inter-cellular air
spaces

Lower epidermis – note the presence here

of stomata (tiny pores surrounded by
guard cells).
 Leaf adaptations
Cross section through a leaf

Lower epidermis – note the presence here

of stomata (tiny pores surrounded by
guard cells).
 Leaf adaptations
Cross section through a leaf

Oxygen is absorbed and

carbon dioxide is
released direct from cells
to air spaces during
respiration.
Gaseous exchange in plants

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

Gaseous exchange in plants
IS!
ES
TH
6CO2 N
+ 6H2OSY  C6H12O6 + 6O2
T O
PHO

N !
TIO
C6H12O6 + 6O I R A  6CO + 6H O
S P 2 2 2
RE
+

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
+

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
+

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
+

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
+

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
 photosynthesis

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day respiration

+

Compensation Compensation
point point

12 midnight 12 mid-day 12 midnight

- Time of Day
 End of Section 2 Lesson 4

In this lesson we have covered:

Respiration

Gaseous exchange