Chapter 12 Respiration

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12.1 Introduction to Respiration

1. Every organism needs energy.
2. In human we use energy for :
 muscle contraction,
 protein synthesis,
 cell division,
 active transport,
 growth,
 the passage of nerve impulses and
 the maintenance of a constant body temperature.

3. Respiration involves the action of enzymes that is found in the cytoplasm of the cells or in the
mitochondria.

12.2 Respiration in Human

1. Aerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration : the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient
molecules to release energy.
 word equation : glucose + oxygen → Energy + carbon dioxide + water
 Chemical equation : C6H12O6 + 6 O2  36 ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
 Summary :
Reactants : oxygen and glucose
Product : Generates a lot of ATP in mitochondria
Glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O with 36 molecules of ATP/glucose molecule
Slow process
Last for hours.
Suitable for marathon or when oxygen supply is enough or daily activity

2. Energy is stored in ATP molecule (Adenosine Triphosphate).

3. When cell need to use energy, ATP is broken down to release energy for use.

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12.3 Respiration in Arthropods

1. The uptake of oxygen by respiring organisms, such as in insect – they use trachea, air sacs and
spiracles.

2. Spiracles are the small openings located along the side of the body. Air enters and left the body
through here.

3. Tracheal tubes are the tubes that extend throughout the body. It deliver oxygen to all parts of
body cells

4. Air sacs store oxygen and carbon dioxide temperorary.

5. Spiders respire using book lungs. Book lungs are organs that have layers of respiratory issue
stacked like the pages of a book.

gills

6. Aquatic arthropods, such as lobsters and crabs, respire through featherlike gills.

7. Horseshoe crabs, respire through organs called book gills.

12.3 Respiration in germinating seeds

1. Factors required for the seed to germinate:

 Water
 Oxygen
 Warm temperature

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2. Experiment to determine types of gas release during germination.

 A acts as a control experiment

 Only lime water in test tube C turns cloudy.
 Conclusion : This indicate that germinating seeds carry out aerobic respiration to
produce CO2.

4. Experiment to show that aerobic respiration release heat

 Temperature in flask A increased.

 This is because germinating seeds carry out aerobic respiration that released energy

5. Effect of temperature on rate of respiration on germinating seeds

The higher the temperature given to the seeds (below 40°C), the higher the rate of seed
germinate. After 40°C, the rate of germination decreases. This indicates that seed germination
involve the use of enzyme.

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6. Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic respiration : the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to
release energy without using oxygen.

 Word equations for anaerobic respiration

 Muscle in human : glucose → lactic acid
C6H12O6  2 C3H6O3 +2 ATP
 yeast : glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide (Alcoholic fermentation)
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

 Anaerobic respiration releases very less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.

 Anaerobic respiration that occur in human muscle:

 When a person sprint, the uptake of oxygen is inadequate to supply to the increase
demand of oxygen in muscle tissue.
 However, muscle tissue still need to contract using energy.
 Muscle tissue breakdown glucose without using oxygen, to produce 2 ATP molecules
(energy) and lactic acid.
 Chemical equation :
 C6H12O6  2 C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + 2 ATP (energy)

 Anaerobic respiration occur in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell.

 It produces less energy, as it did not use oxygen to completely breakdown all the bonds
in glucose.
 Lactic acid builds up in muscles and blood during vigorous exercise causing an oxygen
debt.
 Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle leads to muscle ache/cramp in a long period of
time. Oxygen debt occur.

 Pay back oxygen debt

 After exercise stop, intake of oxygen still high which is important to payback the
oxygen debt.
 Oxygen is used to oxidized lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.
 C3H6O3 + 3 O2  3 CO2 + 3 H2O
 This process occur in the liver.
 Thus, blood will transport lactic acid from the muscle to liver to oxidise lactic acid into
carbon dioxide and water.

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  Therefore, heart beat rate still remain high to ensure the blood flow is fast enough to
remove lactic acid from the muscle to the liver to pay off oxygen debt.

7. Fermentation – anaerobic respiration in yeast/bacteria/fungus

8. Alcoholic fermentation

 Yeast carries out anaerobic respiration to breakdown glucose to obtain its energy.
 Chemical equation :
 C6H12O6  C2H5OH + CO2 + 2 ATP
 Many use in the food industry : example produce soya sauce, cheese/yogurt, alcohol, bread

9. Comparison between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Types of reaction Complete breakdown Incomplete breakdown
reactants Glucose + oxygen Glucose only
Energy yield 36 ATP molecules 2 ATP molecules
Products Carbon dioxide and water Muscle : lactic acid
Yeast : Ethanol + CO2
Location Cytoplasm and mitochondria Cytoplasm only

End of Chapter 12