CELLULAR RESPIRATION

 Is the breakdown of glucose inside the cells

to give energy, water/alcohol/lactic acid and
carbon dioxide.

 Types of respiration.
 (i). Aerobic respiration
 (ii). Anaerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration.
 Is the breakdown of glucose inside the cells

in presence of oxygen to give energy, water

and carbon dioxide.

 Glucose+Oxygen----carbon+water +Energy
dioxide
 C H O + 6O -----6CO +6H O + Energy
6 12 6 2 2 2
 The main fuel used to provide energy in the
cells is glucose.
 Other fuels are fats, and proteins.

Uses of energy.
(i). Muscle contraction
(ii). Cell division
(iii). Absorption of nutrients by active
transport.
(iv). Protein synthesis.
 (v). Making new cell membranes, and cell
structures.
(vi). Maintaining body temperature.

 All living cells respire.

 Aerobic respiration occurs in the

mitochondria.
 Anaerobic respiration.
 Is the breakdown of glucose in absence of

oxygen inside the cells to produce energy,

carbon dioxide, alcohol, and lactic acid.
 Anaerobic respiration in animals.
 Here glucose is broken down in absence of

oxygen to produce energy and lactic acid.

 Glucose ------------lactic acid + Energy

 C6H12O6 --------- 2C3H6O3 + Energy

 Cardiac muscles cannot respire anaerobically,
as this will produce less energy.
 Some bacteria respire anaerobically

producing lactic acid.

 Anaerobic respiration in plants.
 Glucose is broken down without oxygen to give
energy, carbon dioxide and alcohol.

Glucose------------ Alcohol + Carbon

dioxide
 C6H12O6------------- 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy.

 Plant roots respire anaerobically when the land is

flooded and the soil is saturated with water making
little oxygen available.
Aerobic respiration
1. Glucose is broken in presence
of oxygen.
2. Produces high amount of
energy.
3. Water is produced
4. Glucose is completely broken
down.
Anaerobic respiration
1.Glucose is broken down in
absence of oxygen.
2. Produces little energy.
3. no water is produced.
4. Glucose is broken down
partially.
 Mitochondria are where the majority of
respiration occurs.
 Structure of a mitochondria.
 Respiration transfers chemical energy in glucose into
another molecule, ATP.
 Glucose is a very stable molecule that does not readily

break down to release energy – ATP easily

breaks down and so is a more suitable source of
direct energy in cells.
 Respiration breaks down the glucose stage by stage,

gradually releasing the energy.

 In combustion the energy is released all in one go – if

this occurred in our bodies then the heat generated

would mean we would self-combust! The gradual
breakdown of glucose in cells is controlled by enzymes
 Glucose contains six carbon atoms and so is called a 6-
carbon compound.
 In the cytoplasm of the cell it is broken down into a 3-
carbon compound called pyruvic acid by a
process called glycolysis (‘glucose-splitting’).
No oxygen is needed for this process, but
only a limited amount of energy is released.
 If no oxygen is present then either lactic acid
is formed (in humans) or alcohol and carbon dioxide
(in yeast and plants).
 If enough oxygen is present in the cell, the pyruvic acid is
completely broken down in the mitochondria, resulting in
carbon dioxide and water, and the production of much ATP
Experiments on respiration;