2 - Respiration - The Energy Releasing System-X (29-52)

Chapter Respiration –
2 The Energy Releasing System re
Conceptual understanding
1. Distinguish between
(a) Inspiration and Expiration
(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
(c) Respiration and Combustion
(d) Photosynthesis and Respiration
(a) Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration Expiration
1. In this process, air enters the respiratory 1. In this process, carbon dioxide leaves
organ or lungs. the respiratory organ and enters into
2. It is also called inhalation. environment.
3. It is an active process. 2. It is also called exhalation.
4. Ribcage moves upward and forward. 3. It is a passive process.
5. Diaphragm contracts and becomes flat. 4. Ribcage moves downward and
6. Volume of the thoracic cavity is increased inward.
and air pressure in the respiratory 5. Diaphragm relaxes and becomes
the organ is less than atmospheric original dome-shaped.
pressure. 6. Volume of the thoracic cavity is
decreased and air pressure in the
the respiratory organ is greater than
atmospheric pressure.
(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration
1. It does not require oxygen. 1. It requires oxygen.
2. It occurs in the absence of oxygen. 2. It ceases in the absence of oxygen.
3. Water is not produced. The end 3. Carbon dioxide and water are produced.
products may be alcohol or lactic acid.
4. Small amount of energy is produced 4. A large amount of energy is produced
(17,800 calories) (6,74,000 calories)
5. It is performed by parasites, bacteria like 5. All the tissues perform aerobic respiration
clostridium, yeast, muscle tissues, etc.
6. Glucose is partially oxidized. 6. Glucose is completely oxidized.
7. It results in releasing ethyl alcohol and 7. C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O+686.6K.cal
carbon dioxide in yeast and only lactic
acid but no carbon dioxide in human
muscle cells and some bacteria like
Lactobacillus. This is known as
fermentation.
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH+2CO2+56 K. cal
C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3+2ATP
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(c) Respiration and Combustion

Respiration Combustion
1. It occurs in the cells of organisms. 1. It occurs in the atmosphere.
2. It occurs in several steps. 2. It occurs in a single step.
3. It requires several enzymes. 3. It does not require any enzymes.
4. Several intermediate compounds are formed. 4. No intermediate compounds are
5. Energy is liberated in two forms i.e., chemical formed
energy (ATP) and heat energy. 5. All the energy is liberated as heat.
6. It occurs at the body temperature of organisms 6. It occurs at a high temperature.
7. Initial supply of heat is not required to oxidize 7. Heat is to be supplied for the sugar
sugar molecules. molecules to burn
8. There is no charring or burning of sugar 8. Sugar chars at first and then it
Molecules. burns.
9. Energy is released in several stages. 9. Energy is released at once.
(d) Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis Respiration
1. Oxygen is liberated. 1. Oxygen is absorbed
2. CO2 is absorbed and fixed inside to form 2. CO2 is evolved.
carbohydrates. 3. This process occurs day and night.
3. Light is necessary for this process 4. Aerobic respiration takes place in the
4. It occurs in the chloroplast. It is dependent on cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is
light. independent of light.
5. CO2 and water are raw materials. 5. Glucose and O2 are raw materials.
6. Chlorophyll is needed. 6. Chlorophyll is not needed.
7. Energy is fixed, so it is an endothermic 7. Energy is released so it is an exothermic
process. process.
8. Weight is increased.
9. It is an anabolic process and includes the 8. Plant weight is reduced due to this
synthesis of food. process.
10. It occurs only in green cells (chlorophyll- 9. It is a catabolic process and includes the
containing cells) and some photosynthetic Breakdown of stored food.
bacteria. 10 It occurs in all living cells.
11 ATP and NADPH are mainly used for the 11 NADH and ATP are made available for
synthesis of organic compounds. cellular activities.
12 Converts radiant light energy into chemical 12. Releases chemical or potential energy
energy. for several other functions.
13. 6CO2  12H2O  light 13.
chlorophyll
C6H12O6  6H2O  6O2

C6H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6H2O  686.6 K
.Cl

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2. State two similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Ans: 1. Both the processes release energy (exothermic).

2. Glucose is the common respiratory substrate.
3. Glycolysis is the common phase of both types of respiration.
3. Food sometimes enters the windpipe and causes choking. How does it
happen?
Ans: 1. Pharynx is a common passage for air and water. In the neck region, it bifurcates
into the food pipe and windpipe.
2. The air enters the windpipe and the food enters the food pipe (oesophagus).
3. The passage that enters the windpipe is protected by a flap-like valve epiglottis,
which prevents the entry of food into the lungs.
4. In some cases, however food can enter the windpipe. In most cases, this food
can be dislodged while still at the opening to the trachea.
5. When food passes through the trachea and into the lungs, it can lodge in the
main pipe and cause suffocation.
4. Why does the rate of breathing increase while walking uphill at a normal pace
in the mountains? Give two reasons.
Ans: With the increase in height, the concentration of oxygen decreases. Under such
conditions, blood cannot carry enough oxygen to the tissues because it decreases
the formation of oxy-haemoglobin. So, while walking uphill, to make maximum
availability of O2, the rate of breathing increases.
5. Air leaves the tiny sacs in the lungs to pass into capillaries. What
modifications are needed in the statement?
Ans: 1. The tiny sacs in the lungs are alveoli. There are numerous one-cell thick alveoli in
the lungs.
2. Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by diffusion from the blood
capillaries and vice versa.
3. Dark red blood flows from the heart through capillaries and collects oxygen from
the alveoli and carbon dioxide passes out of the capillaries into the alveoli.
4. The bright red oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and is supplied to all body
parts. So, oxygen leaves the tiny sacs in the lungs to pass into the capillaries.

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6. Plants photosynthesize during the daytime and respire during the night. Do
you agree with this statement? Why? Why not?
Ans: 1. In the presence of sunlight, the green parts of the plants carry out
photosynthesis as well as respiration.
2. Carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used up in photosynthesis and
oxygen needed for respiration is provided by photosynthesis. Only when the rate
of photosynthesis is faster than the rate of respiration, the carbon dioxide will be
taken in and the excess oxygen will be given out.
3. During the daytime, the rate of photosynthesis is usually higher than that of
respiration while at night it is just reverse in most plants. So, I will not agree with
this statement.
7. Why do a deep-sea diver and Mountainair carry an O2 cylinder on her back?

Ans: 1. Oxygen is present in the dissolved state in water.
2. Human beings do not have gills like fishes to use dissolved oxygen for
respiration.
3. Moreover, the solubility of O2 in water is very low. Due to these reasons, a sea
diver carries an oxygen cylinder on her/his back.
8. How are alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
1. Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by diffusion from the alveoli to
blood capillaries and vice versa. The CO2 in the blood is exchanged with O2 in
the alveoli.
2. These tiny air sacs (0.1nm) in the lungs are numerous (750 million in both lungs)
and only one cell thick. Thus,tremendously increasing the moist surface
available for the transfer of gases between air and blood.
3. The lining of the lungs is much folded and so their total surface is enormous. If
all alveoli of our lungs are spread out, they will cover an area of nearly 160m2.

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4. Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that are also only one cell thick. So the
alveolar-capillary barrier has a thickness of about 0.5µm, which allows the
exchange of gases between the blood of pulmonary capillaries.
9. Where will the release of energy from glucose in respiration take place? Mala
writes lungs while Jiya writes muscles. Who is correct? Why?
Ans: 1. During respiration, energy is produced when glucose or fatty acids are oxidized
in the cells. As this process occurs in the cell it is called cellular respiration.
2. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites of respiration.
3. The energy produced from the breakdown of glucose is stored in a compound
known as ATP.
4. Lungs also contain cells and muscles, both organs for their energy requirements
have to do cellular respiration.
5. Among tissues, cells in muscle tissue contain more mitochondria as these
involve voluntary actions.
6. So muscles release more energy.
Structure of Mitochondria

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10. What is the role of the epiglottis and diaphragm in respiration?

Ans: 1. Role of the epiglottis
(a) From the pharynx there are two passages, beginning with nearly the same
opening and ending into separate ones, one to the lungs and one to the
stomach.
(b) The flow of food and air is kept properly channeled by a flap-like valve, the
epiglottis.
(c) Epiglottis prevents entry of food into the windpipe and the lungs.
2. Role of the diaphragm

(a) The lungs themselves can neither draw in the air nor push it out. Instead, the
chest wall muscles and another flexible flattened muscle called the diaphragm
help the lungs in moving air into and out of them.
(b) The diaphragm may be imagined as the floor if the chest cavity is considered
as a room.
(c) When the diaphragm is relaxed when we breathe out, it is in the shape of a
dome with the convex side of the dome extending into the chest cavity. When
the diaphragm contracts during inhalation it flattens out a bit of the dome move
downward. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity is increased.
11. How does a gaseous exchange take place at blood level or cellular level?
Transport of O2:
Ans: 1. As oxygen is diffused into the blood in alveoli, it rapidly combines with the
hemoglobin to form oxy-haemoglobin and carries oxygen to the tissues.
Hb + O2  HbO2
2. In tissues reverse process happens to yield a molecule of haemoglobin and
oxygen.
Transport of CO2:
HbO2  Hb + O2
3. Carbon dioxide is usually transported as bicarbonate, while some amount of it
combines with hemoglobin, and the rest is dissolved in blood plasma.
12. Explain the mechanism of gases exchange at the bronchiole level.

Ans: 1. In the capillaries over the tissues, haemoglobin meets a very different
environment.
2. The tissue cells are continually using O2 hence the concentration of oxygen is
quite low in them. It might be only one-third of that in the lungs.
3. As the concentration of oxygen is so low, oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen
molecule that enters the cells.
4. Carbon dioxide is usually transported as bicarbonate, while some amount of it
combines with hemoglobin, and the rest is dissolved in blood plasma

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13. After a vigorous exercise or work we feel pain in muscles. What is the
relationship between pain and respiration?
Ans: 1. Glucose is the most commonly used sugar for deriving energy in plants, animals
and in microorganisms. In all these organisms the glucose is oxidized in two
stages. In the first stage, it is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. In
thesecond stage, if oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is oxidized to CO2 and
water, ifoxygen is inadequate or not utilized pyruvic acid is converted into either
ethanol or lactic acid and very little amount of energy are released.
2. Glucose  pyruvate  absence or low amount of oxygen  lactic acid
3. Accumulation of lactic acid results in muscular pain. If we take a brisk walk, slow
jogging, running for some distance we feel that there is an increase in pain
levels, this is because of lactic acid accumulation.
14. Raju said stem also respires along with leaves in plants. Can you support this
statement? Give your reasons?
Ans: I agree with the statement. As respiration takes place at the cell level each cell has
to derive its energy for its requirements. So, leaves respire with stomata, stem
respires with lenticels and roots respire with root hairs.
Asking questions and hypothesis
15. What happens if the diaphragm is not there in the body?

Ans: (a) The lungs themselves can neither draw in the air nor push it out. Instead, the
chest wall muscles and another flexible flattened muscle called the diaphragm
helps the lungs in moving air into and out of them.
(b) The diaphragm may be imagined as the floor if the chest cavity is considered
as a room.
(c) When the diaphragm is relaxed when we breathe out, it is in the shape of a
dome with the convex side of the dome extending into the chest cavity. When
the diaphragm contracts during inhalation it flattens out a bit or thofdome move
downward. As a result, the volume, of the chest cavity is increased.
(d) In the absence of this organ all above said activities can be affected and
ultimately breathing process will not take place efficiently. So, sufficient oxygen
cannot be supplied to cells to produce energy.

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16. If you get a chance to meet a pulmonologist, what questions you are going to
clarify about pulmonary respiration?
Ans:
1. What happens if humidification is not done?
2. Why smoking is injurious to health?
3. How pollution is a major cause of respiratory problems?
4. What is lung transplantation?
5. What measures do we have to take (in daily life) to utilize maximum lung capacity?
6. What diet is preferable to strengthen breathing?
Experimentation and field investigation
17. What procedure do you follow to understand anaerobic respiration in your

school lab?
Ans:
Procedure
 Take Glucose solution in the beaker. Heat the glucose solution to remove the
oxygen present in it.
 Cool the glucose solution without stirring it.
 To test the presence of oxygen present in glucose solution add a few drops of
diagene green.
 The colour of sugar solution changes from blue to pink when oxygen is in short
supply around it.
 Now mix the yeast powder in the glucose solution and pour this glucose solution
into the thermos flask and add paraffin liquid over the glucose solution to cut the
contact of air.
 Close the mouth of the thermos flask with a two-holed rubber cork. Arrange the
thermometer and U-shaped glass tube for any gas produced by the yeast to
escape through the thermos flask.

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 Keep the other end of this glass tube in lime water which is in the test tube
shown in the figure.
 Close the mouth of the test tube with the cork. Do not disturb this entire setup for
some time.
 The readings on the thermometer should be recorded. It should be observed
after one day. After one day it was observed that the lime water in the test tube
turned into milky white.
 The temperature was increased in the thermometer and an alcohol smell was
given off from the thermos flask.
18. What are your observations on the combustion of sugar activity?
Ans: We know that combustion of glucose gives us CO2, water, and energy while from
the respiratory equation we get the same products. But essentially the process must
differ due to the following reasons
a. Glucose must be burnt at a high temperature in the lab to liberate energy, if it
happens in our cells, all cells would be burnt.
b. Once glucose starts burning, we cannot stop the process easy, but living cells
can exercise control over the sort of burning of glucose in the presence of
oxygen
c. Water normally stops combustion from taking place while cells contain a lot of
water and respiration still goes on.

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Information skills and Projects
19. Collect information about cutaneous respiration in frogs. Prepare a note and
display them in your classroom.
Ans:
1. Frog is an amphibious animal that can live both on land and in water. It respires
with skin, lungs, and also with a buccopharyngeal cavity.
2. Skin is the major respiratory organ in both water and land. Respiration through
the skin is called cutaneous respiration.
3. 35% of the total respiration is performed by the skin. Frog skin is also kept moist
due to the presence of mucous glands and is richly supplied with blood vessels.
The frog leaps into the water very frequently to keep their skin wet and moist.
4. During Aestivation and Hibernation process frog depends on cutaneous

respiration completely.
20. Collect information about respiratory diseases (because of pollution, tobacco

and discuss them with your classmates.
Ans:
1. Emphysema: Main cause of emphysema is cigarette smoking.
Symptoms: Emphysema is characterized by over inflation of alveoli and rupture of
alveolar walls leading to thin-walled air spaces; this decreases the surface area and
pulmonary ventilation.
2. Pollution-respiratory diseases
1. Pollen grains, bacterial and fungal spores cause various types of allergic
conditions in men.
2. Lead compounds emitted by automobiles accumulate in the tissues and damage
the nervous system.

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3. Dust particles in the mining, cement, and asbestos industries enter the lungs
and harden them causing several respiratory problems.
4. Soot and other hydrocarbons liberated from industries cause cancer.
5. Pollutants cause immense damage to domestic livestock by reducing the
production of meat, milk, and eggs.
Communication through drawing and model making
21. What is the pathway taken by air in the respiratory system? Illustrate with a
labeled diagram?
Ans:
The respiratory system of man

22. Draw a block diagram showing events in respiration. Write what you
understand about cellular respiration
Ans:
Breathing (air movement into and out of lungs).

The gaseous exchange at the lungs level (exchange of gases between alveoli and
blood)

Gas transport by blood (transport of oxygen from blood capillaries of alveoli to body
cells and return of carbon dioxide)

The gaseous exchange at tissue level (exchanging of oxygen from the blood into the
cells and carbon dioxide from cells into the blood)

Cellular respiration (using oxygen in cell processes to produce carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy to be used for life processes)

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Appreciation and aesthetic sense and values
23. How do you appreciate the mechanism of respiration in our body?

Ans:
Respiration occurs in two stages: Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration:
1. During inspiration, air from outside enters the lungs. This is brought about by
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. It is increased by pulling the
diaphragm down and pushing the ribs forward.
2. Due to this, air pressure in the lungs gets reduced than the outside air. So, air
from outside rushes into the lungs through nostrils, nasal cavities, internal nares,
pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles and finally reaches
alveoli.
Expiration:
1. During expiration, the diaphragm and ribs come back to their original position.
This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity.
2. So, the volume in the lungs decreases, and the air in the lungs under pressure
rushes out of the lungs.
In men, the diaphragm plays a major role in respiration, while in women the ribs
play the main role.
3. Thus, I appreciate the mechanism of respiration in our body.

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Application to daily life and concern to biodiversity
24. Prepare an article on anaerobic respiration to present at a school symposium.
25. Prepare a cartoon on a discussion between haemoglobin and chlorophyll

about respiration.

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OBJECTIVE
1. The site for cellular aerobic respiration is: [ ]
(A) Chloroplast (B) Cytoplasm
(C) Mitochondria (D) Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
2. Floor of the chest cavity is formed by: [ ]
(A) ribs (B) diaphragm (C) lungs (D) pelvic girdle
3. Process of adding up water vapor to inhaled air to adjust to body temperature called
[ ]
(A) humidification (B) assimilation (C) condensation (D) mineralization
4. _____ air vibrates vocal cards and causes the production of sounds. [ ]
(A) inhaled (B) exhaled (C) tidal (D) residual
5. Various factors which influence the ratio of photosynthesis and respiration in plants
(A) temperature (B) humidity (C) light intensity (D) all [ ]
6. Which of the following life process is an example of the catabolic process? [ ]
(A) Photosynthesis (B) respiration (C) circulation (D) coordination
7. Why unsprouted seeds could not produce CO2? [ ]
(A) due to over absorption of water.
(B) due to less absorption of water.
(C) due to the absence of enzymes that stimulates respiration and growth.
(D) due to the hardness of the seed coat, O2 cannot penetrate the seed.
8. In the activity which is used to test the evolution of heat during respiration, one of
the important procedures is keeping the bulb of the thermometer into the seeds.
What is the significance of this step? [ ]
(A) to avoid damage to the bulb of a thermometer
(B) to avoid escaping hot gases
(C) to avoid escaping heat
(D) sprouts grow rapidly
9. Aerial roots are present in [ ]
(A) mangroves
(B) all plants growing in soil which can not hold air in the gaps of soil particles
(C) all plants growing in marshy soils
(D) in all conditions
10. Plants living in water waterlogged have much larger air spaces in ____ [ ]
(A) leaves (B) stems (C) roots (D) branches

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11. Break down of pyruvate using O2 takes place in the -------------------. [ ]

(A) cytoplasm (B) mitochondria
(C) cytoplasm, mitochondria (D) muscles
12. Which of the following step is common for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
(A) Break down of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of three-
carbon pyruvate. [ ]
(B) Reduction of pyruvate into CO2
(C) Formation of water
(D) Formation of glucose
13. The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms. Why? [ ]
(A) The amount of dissolved O2 in water is fairly low compared to the amount of O2
in the air.
(B) The water currents are more.
(C) Deeper layers of water are not exposed to light.
(D) Aquatic organisms take dissolved oxygen.
14. Which is called respiratory pigment? [ ]
(A) Haemoglobin (B) Chloroplast (C) Xanthophylls (D) Carotenoids
15. What is the form of transport of oxygen in blood? [ ]
(A) Bicarbonate (B) Oxyhaemoglobin
(C) Carbamino-haemoglobin (D) Oxide form
16. Oxygen debt refers to the: [ ]
(A) amount of oxygen required for oxidation of glucose
(B) amount of oxygen lent to other muscles
(C) amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid
(D) amount of oxygen required in rigorous running and physical activities
17. Water is produced in _____________process. [ ]
(A) aerobic respiration (B) fermentation
(C) anaerobic respiration (D) all of these
18. The end products in fermentation by yeast [ ]
(A) lactic acid, CO2 (B) pyruvic acid, CO2
(C) CO2, ethyl alcohol (D) CO2, pyruvate,
19. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about respiration? [ ]
(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and the diaphragm is raised.
(ii) Exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli as well as at a cellular level.
(iii) Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO2 than O2.

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(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for the exchange of gases.

(A) i and iv (B) ii and iii (C) i and iii (D) ii and iv
20. Bacteria such as ____________ convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid. This is what
we observe in the conversion of milk into curd. [ ]
(A) E.coli (B) Rhizobium (C) Lactobacillus (D) Yeast
21. The inner membrane of mitochondria is thrown into several folds into the fluid-filled
matrix called: [ ]
(A) oxysomes (B) elementary particles (C) cristae (D) F1particles
22. Both respiration and combustion release heat hence both are: [ ]
(A) anabolic process (B) exothermic process
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) endothermic process
23. Which makes oxygen get detached from oxyhaemoglobin at tissue level gaseous
exchange? [ ]
(A) concentration levels of O2 are one-third of the lungs.
(B) concentration levels of O2 are half of the lungs.
(C) concentration levels of O2 are equal to that of lungs.
(D) concentration levels of O2 are more than lungs.
24. Cutaneous respiration is found in: [ ]
(A) birds (B) earthworm (C) insects (D) mammals
25. Simple diffusion is the method of respiration in: [ ]
(A) frog (B) snake (C) amoeba (D) insect
26. Respiratory organs in cockroach are: [ ]
(A) blood vessels (B) mucous glands (C) trachea (D) gills
27. Respiration through gills is called [ ]
(A) branchial respiration (B) pulmonary respiration
(C) tracheal respiration (D) cutaneous respiration
28. Increase in CO2 concentration shall cause: [ ]
(A) slower and shallower breathing (B) slower and deeper breathing
(C) faster and deeper breathing (D) no effect on breathing
29. Respiration with lungs is called: [ ]
(A) Pulmonary (B) cutaneous (C) tracheal (D) branchial
30. Energy released in respiration in the form of [ ]
(A) ATP (B) heat (C) both A & B (D) None
31. We will find vocal cords in: [ ]
(A) larynx (B) pharynx (C) nasal cavity (D) trachea
32. Cluster of air sacs in lungs are called: [ ]
(A) alveoli (B) bronchi (C) bronchioles (D) air spaces

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33. The figure given below shows a small part of the human lung where the exchange
of gases takes place. In which one of the options given below, the one-part A, B, C,
or D is correctly identified along with its function? [ ]
(A) B: Red blood cell - transport of CO2 mainly

(B) C: Arterial capillary - passes oxygen to tissues
(C) A: Alveolar cavity – the main site of exchange of respiratory gases
(D) D: Capillary wall - exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place here
34. Respiration is a catabolic process because of [ ]
(A) break down of complex food molecules
(B) conversion of light energy
(C) synthesis of chemical energy
(D) energy storage
35. Energy is stored in _______in the form of ATP [ ]
(A) nucleus (B) mitochondria (C) ribosomes (D) cell wall
36. Exhaled air contains: [ ]
(A) CO2, water vapour (B) CO2 ,water (C) CO2 (D) water
37. A flap-like valve that controls the movement of air and food is: [ ]
(A) glottis (B) epiglottis (C) diaphragm (D) septum
38. Lenticels are the respiratory organs in ________part of plant. [ ]
(A) leaves (B) stem (C) roots (D) epidermis
39. Fish respire with their: [ ]
(A) gills (B) skin (C) lungs (D) spiracles
40. Amount of air present in normal breathing: [ ]
(A) 500ml (B) 120ml (C) 5800ml (D) 1200ml
41. Full capacity of human lungs is: [ ]
(A) 5800ml (B) 5000ml (C) 6500ml (D) 6420ml
42. After complete exhalation the amount of air that remains in the lungs: [ ]
(A) 100ml (B) 200ml (C) 1200ml (D) 220ml
43. Energy currency of a cell is called: [ ]
(A) ADP (B) NADH (C) ATP (D) GTP
44. Lungs are protected by two membranes called: [ ]

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(A) pericardium (B) pleurae (C) meninges (D) none

45. _________ worked on process of combustion. [ ]
(A) Lavoisier (B) Priestley (C) Rene Laennec (D) Smith
46. ___________ is centre in brain which coordinates respiration. [ ]
(A) Medulla (B) Diencephalon (C) Cerebellum (D) Cerebrum
47. When we do strenuous exercise, we can produce energy first and then use up
oxygen later. This phenomenon is called: [ ]
(A) Oxygen debt (B) carbon debt (C) energy debt (D) none
48. What is an indicator that is used in any experiment related to respiration? [ ]
(A) lime water (B) lemon water (C) KOH (D) iodine
49. Ethanol can be separated from the yeast-glucose solution by a process called: [ ]
(A) distillation (B) fractional distillation
(C) both A, B (D) none
50. Ethanol boils at-------- temperature. [ ]
0 0 0 0
(A) 60 C (B) 40 C (C) 50 C (D) 70 C
51. In an experiment to test for production of heat and carbon dioxide in anaerobic
respiration, the precaution that should be followed is: [ ]
(A) Liquid paraffin should be poured on bicarbonate solution carefully
(B) Yeast in glucose should be shaken thoroughly after heating for a minute
(C) Few drops of diazine green should b added after liquid paraffin is poured
(D) Yeast in glucose should be heated for a minute, then cooled and liquid paraffin
is poured.

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KEY
1 D 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 D
6 B 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 B
11 B 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 B
16 C 17 A 18 C 19 D 20 C
21 C 22 B 23 A 24 B 25 C
26 C 27 A 28 C 29 A 30 C
31 A 32 A 33 C 34 A 35 B
36 A 37 B 38 B 39 A 40 A
41 A 42 C 43 C 44 B 45 A
46 A 47 A 48 A 49 B 50 D
51. D

FWS-SP-B(X)-RS-48
RESPIRATION - THE ENERGY RELEASING SYSTEM
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Conceptual understanding
1. Explain the difference between respiration in plants and animals.
2. Name the different parts of plants that help in gaseous exchange. Explain their role
in this process.
3. Analyze the graph that shows the concentration of lactic acid in muscles.
4. Give 5 examples of usage of the fermentation process in our daily life.
5. Why are alveoli so small and uncountable in number?
II. Asking questions, making a hypothesis

1. Write your hypothesis on changes that occur in absence of the closing and opening
mechanism of stomata.
2. Prepare a questionnaire to collect information about lung cancer and to protect your
lungs from pollution from an Oncologist.
3. What hypothesis do you frame out from the figure given here?
4. What hypothesis does Lavoisier mention out of his experiments?

5. What is the hypothesis of Robinson?
III. Experimentation and field investigation

1. How do you arrange apparatus in an experiment showing CO2 is a byproduct of the
combustion of sugar?
2. Observe a fish in an aquarium and write how does it respire? Analyze your results.
3. Why diazene green (Janus green B) is used in the experiment to prove anaerobic
respiration?
4. Ravi went on a field trip to Coringa mangroves. There he observed plants with
aerial projections. What questions he would ask the teacher to get information
about them.

FWS-SP-B(X)-RS-49
5. After the 100m track event, all the athletes were asked to give blood for analysis. In
the blood reports, it was given that lactic acid levels were high. What would be the
reason for it?
IV. Information skills and projects
1. Collect information on (A) Tracheal respiration (b) Cutaneous respiration

2. Read the given paragraph and answer the following questions.
Cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells like bacteria occurs within the cytoplasm. In
eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites of the reactions. The
produced energy is stored in mitochondria in the form of ATP. That is why
mitochondria are called “powerhouses of the cell”.
(i) What is ATP?
(ii) Why respiration in prokaryotic cells access only in the cytoplasm.
(iii) Give a reason – In eukaryotic cells cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites
of respiration.
3. Read the given table and answer the following questions.
Gas % in inhaled air % in exhaled air
Oxygen 21 16
Carbon dioxide 0.03 4.4
Nitrogen 78 78
(i) Why does the amount of Oxygen vary between exhaled and inhaled air?
(ii) What has raised the percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air?
(iii) Which gas has no change in percentage before and after respiration? Why?
4. Collect respiratory rates in given situations from 5 students and fill in the table.
At rest At sleeping Walking Jogging
Child 1
Child 2
Child 3
Child 4
Child 5
5. Collect information about the fate of glucose during aerobic and anaerobic
respiration and present your information in the form of a flow chart.

FWS-SP-B(X)-RS-50
IV. Communication through drawing, model making
1.
(a) Label the parts.

(b) Arrange the organs in an order such that it gives an idea about the respiratory
path.
2 (a) What is the difference

between the twofigures?
(b) How did you identify it?
3.
What is the major difference between activities shown in the figures?

FWS-SP-B(X)-RS-51
4. Draw mitochondria and label the parts? How do you conclude mitochondria are
powerhouses of the cell?
5. Draw a figure showing the leaf as a respiratory organ and explain how the
conduction of water takes place within the plant.
VI & VII Appreciation and aesthetic sense values application to daily life, concern to
biodiversity.
1. What is your opinion on artificial respiration that is generally provided to victims

during first aid?
2. Air pollution is a big health hazard – comment.
3. ‘Save trees’ – What is your opinion on this slogan.
4. Draw a cartoon on “Smoking and its hazards”.
5. Write 5 slogans on “Industrialization vs Pollution.”
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS PAPERS
One mark questions

1. Write two slogans to create awareness on keeping lungs healthy.
2. Why do you feel pain in muscles after vigorous exercise?
3. Make a table with the help of the following metabolic activities and their location.
a) Photosynthesis b) Mitochondria c) Chloroplast d) Respiration
4. Identify the picture and write its functions.
5. What would happen if we use dry seeds in the respiration experiment instead of
sprouts?
6. Why is liquid paraffin is added to glucose solution in an anaerobic respiration
experiment?

FWS-SP-B(X)-RS-52
Two-mark questions
1. Write the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. How does “oxygen debt” occur? Explain.
3. Write the flow chart showing the passage of air from nostrils to bronchus.
4. What experiment is represented by the given set of apparatus? Label the parts.
5. Write your observations on the combustion of sugar activity.
Four mark questions

1. Write the differences between photosynthesis and respiration.
2. How do the chest wall and diaphragm help in inspiration and expiration? Explain the
mechanism involved.
3. Observe the given flow chart and answer the questions.
i) What process is denoted by the flow chart?

ii) What is the end product in common?
4. While conducting an experiment of ‘combustion of sugar’. What is the apparatus
required? Write the procedure to be followed and the changes observed in the
sugar.
5. Write the procedure to prove that heat evolves during respiration.
***


2 - Respiration - The Energy Releasing System-X (29-52)

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2 - Respiration - The Energy Releasing System-X (29-52)

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Chapter Respiration –

2 The Energy Releasing System re

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

(c) Respiration and Combustion

(d) Photosynthesis and Respiration

C6H12O6  6H2O  6O2

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

2. State two similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Ans: 1. Both the processes release energy (exothermic).

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

7. Why do a deep-sea diver and Mountainair carry an O2 cylinder on her back?

8. How are alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

10. What is the role of the epiglottis and diaphragm in respiration?

2. Role of the diaphragm

12. Explain the mechanism of gases exchange at the bronchiole level.

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Asking questions and hypothesis

15. What happens if the diaphragm is not there in the body?

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Experimentation and field investigation

17. What procedure do you follow to understand anaerobic respiration in your

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

18. What are your observations on the combustion of sugar activity?

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Information skills and Projects

4. During Aestivation and Hibernation process frog depends on cutaneous

20. Collect information about respiratory diseases (because of pollution, tobacco

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Communication through drawing and model making

The respiratory system of man

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Appreciation and aesthetic sense and values

23. How do you appreciate the mechanism of respiration in our body?

Respiration occurs in two stages: Inspiration and Expiration

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

Application to daily life and concern to biodiversity

24. Prepare an article on anaerobic respiration to present at a school symposium.

25. Prepare a cartoon on a discussion between haemoglobin and chlorophyll

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

11. Break down of pyruvate using O2 takes place in the -------------------. [ ]

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for the exchange of gases.

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

(A) B: Red blood cell - transport of CO2 mainly

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

(A) pericardium (B) pleurae (C) meninges (D) none

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

RESPIRATION - THE ENERGY RELEASING SYSTEM

II. Asking questions, making a hypothesis

4. What hypothesis does Lavoisier mention out of his experiments?

III. Experimentation and field investigation

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

IV. Information skills and projects

1. Collect information on (A) Tracheal respiration (b) Cutaneous respiration

Gas % in inhaled air % in exhaled air

FIITJEE WORLD SCHOOL

IV. Communication through drawing, model making

(a) Label the parts.

2 (a) What is the difference