Steady-State Analysis of DC Motors

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 Objectives

To understand the:
• Construction of DC machine
• Windings of DC machine
• Armature reaction in DC machine
• Types of DC machine
• The power flow in DC machine

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 DC Machines

A DC Machine

Armature along with

the commutator

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 Significant Features of DC Machines

• Conventional DC generators are being replaced by the

solid state rectifiers where ac supply is available.
• The same is not true for dc motors because of
– Constant mechanical power output or constant torque
– Rapid acceleration or deceleration
– Responsiveness to feedback signals
• Fractional hp to 10,000 hp
• Applications – in electric vehicles to extend their range
and reduce vehicle weight, in steel and aluminum rolling
mills, traction motors, electric trains, overhead cranes,
control devices, etc.

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 Constructional Features of DC Machines
• Commutator along with the armature
on the rotor
• Salient-pole on the stator and, except
for a few smaller machines,
commutating poles between the main
poles.
• Field windings (as many as 4):
– Two fields that act in a corrective
capacity to compensate the effects
of armature reaction, called the
commutating (interpole) and
compensating windings, which are
connected in series with the
armature.
– Two normal exciting field
windings, the shunt and series
windings

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 Armature Reaction

If a load is connected to the terminals of the dc

machine, a current will flow in its armature windings.
This current flow will produce a magnetic field of its
own, which will distort the original magnetic field from
the machine’s field poles. This distortion of the magnetic
flux in a machine as the load is increased is called the
armature reaction.

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Schematic Connection Diagram of a DC Machine

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 Types of DC Machines

Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case
of a DC machine.

Types:
Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own
excitation of the field windings. In this machine, residual
magnetism must be present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the
machine in order to start the self-excitation process.
Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be
separately excited from an eternal DC source.
Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel.
Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited.
Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.
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 Equivalent Circuit of a DC Machine

If
Ia_gen
+ +
If Ia_mot IL
+ Ra
Ra
Vf Rf Rf Vt
Vt
+ -
- Ea Ea Ia

- + -

Vf  I f Rf
Vt  Ea  I a Ra

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 Shunt and Separately
Excited (SE) DC Motor

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SEDC motor Shunt DC motor

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 Magnetization curve
• As the field current increases, the EMF increases until the core
saturation.
• The magnetization curve is speed dependent.

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 Power flow in DC motor

𝑃
  𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑡 . 𝐼 𝑡

  all copper losses

𝑃
  𝑑 = 𝐸 𝑎 . 𝐼 𝑎=𝑇 𝑑 . 𝜔

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 Ex-1

Solution

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Ex-2

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Ex-3

A12 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm DC shunt motor

has 0.1 ohm armature resistance, and a
shunt field winding of 80 ohm resistance,
and 1200 turns per pole. The field current
is 1 A. the magnetization c/c is given at
1000 RPM. At no-load condition, the motor
runs at 1000 rpm, and the armature takes
6 amperes

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In RPM

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In RPM

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 Summary
In this lecture, you have learnt:
• Construction of DC motor.
• Different types of DC motors.
• Armature reaction effect
• Power flow in shunt DC motor

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