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10/01/07
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1) To identify the basic structure of phospholipids and to be able to
distinguish the two classes, phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelins
2) To be able to name and recognize the major phosphoglycerides
3) To differentiate how phosphoglycerides are synthesized, and which of
the building blocks contain the high energy bond
4) To summarize the way in which sphingomyelin is synthesized
DAG
IP3
3) membrane protein anchoring (Fig. 17.9) –
important for anchoring of alkaline
phosphatase, acetylcholine esterase, and
lipoprotein lipase
4) A deficiency in glycosyl phosphatidylinositol
(GPI) in hematopoietic cells causes a
hemolytic disease, paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria.
5) phospholipase C cleavage of protein and
inositol phosphate leaves diacylglycerol
(which activates protein kinase C)
I) Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) – mitochondrial
membranes; precursor of cardiolipin; made from
CDP-diacylglycerol and glycerol-P (Fig. 17.5)
J) Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) –
diacylglycerolphosphate transferred
from CDP-diacylglycerol to PG (Fig. 17.5)
V. SPHINGOMYELIN SYNTHESIS (Fig. 17.10)
A) palmitoyl CoA and serine are used as
substrates. A series of reactions that include
decarboxylation, loss of CoA, reduction by
NADPH + H+ and oxidation by FAD results in
the synthesis of sphingosine.
B) An amide bond is formed between
sphingosine and a fatty acid (using
fatty acyl CoA) to produce a ceramide.
C) Using phosphatidylcholine, choline
phosphate is transferred to the ceramide to
form a sphingomyelin.
VI. PHOSPHOLIPID DEGRADATION (Fig. 17.11)
A) Degradation of phosphoglycerides - various phospholipases cleave
the phosphodiester bonds at specific sites
1) phospholipase A1 - removes fatty acid at position 1
2) phospholipase A2 - removes fatty acid at position 2; releases
arachidonic acid for prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane
synthesis; high in pancreatic secretion, activated by trypsin, and
requires bile salts for activity; inhibited by glucocorticoids
3) phospholipase C - in liver lysosomes; plays role in producing
second messengers in the PIP2 pathway; leaves free hydroxyl at
position 3 of glycerol
4) phospholipase D - removes alcohol from the phosphoglyceride,
leaving phosphatidic acid
B) Degradation of sphingomyelin (Fig. 17.12)
1) degraded by sphingomyelinase - lysosomal enzyme; removes
phosphorylcholine to yield a ceramide. Niemann-Pick disease –
sphingomyelinase deficiency. Severe form (Type A) has large
accumulation of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine in liver and
spleen (both very enlarged) (Fig. 17.13). Results in severe mental
retardation and death in early adulthood. “High” in Ashkenazi Jews.
2) ceramidase - cleaves ceramide into sphingosine and a free fatty
acid.
COMPLEX LIPID METABOLISM - II
10/01/07
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1) To identify the structure of glycosphingolipids and to be able to
distinguish the two classes, neutral glycosphingolipids and acidic
glycosphingolipids
2) To be able to name and recognize the major gangliosides and
sulfatides
3) To describe how glycosphingolipids are synthesized
4) To summarize how glycosphingolipids are degraded
5) To list the various sphingolipidoses and the enzymes that are
responsible for the defect.
II. INTRODUCTION TO GLYCOLIPIDS
A) Because they are derivatives of ceramide = “glycosphingolipids”
B) Numerous functions
1) membrane component (particularly outer surface of plasma
membrane; interact with the extracellular environment)
2) very high in nerve tissue
3) roles in cellular interactions, growth, development
4) blood group, embryonic, and tumor antigens
5) receptors for cholera and diphtheria toxins and for viruses
6) genetic disorders in their metabolism cause severe neurological
and developmental problems
III. STRUCTURE
A) General features - contain no phosphate and polar head group is
comprised of mono- or oligosaccharides attached to ceramide by
an
O-glycosidic bond
B) Neutral glycosphingolipids
1) cerebroside (Fig. 17.14) (found primarily in brain and peripheral
nervous tissue; high concentrations in myelin sheaths) –
contains
monosaccharide unit only
a) galactocerebroside (most common in membranes) contains
galactose: Cer-Gal
b) glucocerebroside (intermediate in glycosphingolipid synthesis)
contains glucose: Cer-Glc
2) ceramide oligosaccharides (globosides;
additional sugars are added to a
glucocerebroside) – includes:
a) lactosylceramide: Cer-Glc-Gal
b) Forssman antigen:
Cer-Glc-Gal-Gal-GalNac-GalNac*
*GalNac = N-acetylgalactosamine
C) Acidic glycosphingolipids – negatively
charged at physiological pH; due to either
N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) (sialic
acid) in gangliosides or sulfate in sulfatides
1) gangliosides (Fig. 17.15) - primarily in
ganglion cells of CNS (nerve endings);
derivatives of ceramide oligosaccharides.
Naming includes “G” for ganglioside;
followed by letter that designates how
many NANA molecules are present
(M = mono- = 1; D = di- = 2; T = tri- = 3;
Q = quatro- = 4); additional letters or
numbers in a subscript refer to a
convention for the sequence of
carbohydrate attachment to the ceramide
(e.g., GM2)
2) sulfatides (sulfoglycosphingolipids) –
cerebrosides that contain a sulfated
galactosyl residue. Found mostly in
nervous tissue.
IV. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID SYNTHESIS
A) Mechanism (Fig. 17.18) - sequential addition of sugar (glycosyl)
residues. Sugar nucleotide donors (high energy bond) used, similar
to glycoprotein synthesis. Occurs in Golgi and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
B) Enzymes - glycosyl transferases that are specific for a nucleotide
sugar and an acceptor. Some enzymes are involved in both
glycoprotein and glycosphingolipid synthesis.
X
C) Sulfate group addition - added to galactocerebrosides by transfer
from 3’ phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS). (Fig. 17.16)
Sulfate is added to the 3’ hydroxyl group of galactose by
sulfotransferase (Fig. 17.17).