MEASURES OF

RELATIVE POSITION
 MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
Definition: - are conversions of values, usually standardized test scores, to show
where a given value stands in relation to other values of the same grouping.

Z-scores A z-score describes the position of a raw score in terms of

its distance from the mean, when measured in standard
deviation units. The z-score is positive if the value lies
above the mean, and negative if it lies below the mean.

The z-score for a given data value x is the number of standard deviations
that x is above or below the mean of the data. The following formulas show
how to calculate the z-score for a data value x in a population and in a
sample.

  Population:  
Sample:
Example 9. COMPARE Z-SCORES

Raul has taken two tests in his chemistry class. He scored 72 on the first test, for
which the mean of all scores was 65 and the standard deviation was 8. He received a 60
on a second test, for which the mean of all scores was 45 and the standard deviation
was 12. In comparison to the other students, did Raul do better on the first test or the
second test?
Solution:
Raul scored 0.875 standard deviation above the mean on
Given: First
  test: x = 72, 65, standard
deviation (s) =8 the first test and 1.25 standard deviation above the mean on the
second test. These z-scores indicate that, in comparison to his
 
Second test: x = 60, 45, standard classmates, Raul scored better on the second test than he did
deviation (s) =12
on the first test.
  First test   Second test
 ANSWER!!

Check Your Progress 9

Cheryl has taken two quizzes in her history
class. She scored 15 on the first quiz, for which
the mean of all scores was 12 and the standard
deviation was 2.4. Her score on the second
quiz, for which the mean of all scores was 11
and the standard deviation was 2.0, was 14. In
comparison to her classmates, did Cheryl do
better on the first quiz or the second quiz?
 Example 10. USE Z-SCORES

A consumer group tested a sample of 100 light bulbs. It found that the
mean life expectancy of the bulbs was 842 h, with a standard deviation of 90.
One particular light bulb from the Dura Bright Company had a z-score of 1.2.
what was the light span of this light bulb?

Solution:

Given:  mean ( ) =842 , standard deviation (s) =90, z-score (z) = 1.2
Using the formula: If the standard deviation is missing:
  Using the formula,
 𝑧 = 𝑥 − ´𝑥
 1.2= 𝑥 − 842
𝑥
𝑠
90  
108=𝑥
  −842 1.2
  𝑠=108

950 = x 1.2
  𝑠 = 108
1.2 1.2
The light bulb had a life span of 950 h.
𝒔=90
 
 ANSWER!!

Check Your Progress 10

Roland received a score of 70 on a
test for which the mean score was
65.5. Roland has learned that the z-
score for his test is 0.6. What is the
standard deviation for this set of
test scores?
 MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
Percentiles 
pth Percentile
A value x is called the pth percentile of a data
set provided p% are less than x.

Example 11. USING PERCENTILES

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the median annual salary in

2003 for a physical therapist was $57,720. If the 85th percentile for the annual
salary of a physical therapist was $71,500, find the percent of physical therapists
whose annual salary was
a. more than $57,720.
b. less than $71,500.
c. between $57,720 and $71,500.
Example 11. USING PERCENTILES

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the median annual salary in

2003 for a physical therapist was $57,720. If the 85th percentile for the annual
salary of a physical therapist was $71,500, find the percent of physical therapists
whose annual salary was
a. more than $57,720.
b. less than $71,500.
c. between $57,720 and $71,500.

Solution:
a. By definition, the median is the 50th percentile. Therefore, 50% of
the physical therapists earned more than $57,720 per year.
b. Because $71,500 is the 85th percentile, 85% of all physical
therapists made less than $71,500.
c. From parts a and b, 85% - 50%= 35% of the physical therapists
earned between $57,720 and $71,500.
 ANSWER!!

Check Your Progress 11

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the median annual
salary in 2003 for a police dispatcher was $48,488. If the 30th
percentile for the annual salary of a police dispatcher was
$35,640, find the percent of police dispatchers whose annual
salary was
a. less than $48,488.
b. more than $35,640.
c. between $35,640 and $48,488.
 Percentile for a Given Data Value

Given a set of data and a data

value x,   Percentile of score x =

Example 12. FIND A PERCENTILE

On a reading examination given to 900 students, Elaine’s score of 602 was higher
than a score of 576 of students who took the examination. What is the percentile for
Elaine’s score?
Solution:

  Percent
ile =
  Percent
ile =
  Percent
ile =
Elaine’s score of 602 places her at the 64th percentile.
 ANSWER!!

Check Your Progress 12

On an examination given to 8600 students, Hal’s
score of 405 was higher than the scores of 3952 of
the students who took the examination. What is the
percentile for Hal’s score?
 MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION

Quartiles
The three numbers Q1, Q2, and Q3, that partition a ranked data set into four
(approximately) equal groups are called the quartiles of the data.
For instance, for the data set below, the values Q1= 11,Q2 = 29 and Q3 = 104 are the
quartiles of the data.
2 5 5 8 11 12 19 22 23 29 31 45 83 91 104 159 181 312 354

                                     

       
Q1        
Q2        
Q3        

The quartile Q1 is called the first quartile. The quartile Q2 is

called the second quartile. It is the median of the data.
The quartile Q3 is called the third quartile.
The Median Procedure for Finding the quartiles

1. Rank the data.

2. Find the median of the data. This is the second quartile, Q2.
3. The first quartile Q1, is the median of the data values less than Q2.
The third quartile, Q3, is the median of the data values greater than
Q2.
Example 13. Use Medians to Find the Quartiles of a Data Set

The following table lists the calories per 100 milliliters of 25 popular sodas. Find the
quartiles for the data.

Calories, per 100 milliliters, of Selected Sodas

43 37 42 40 53 62 36 32 50 49    
26 53 73 48 45 39 45 48 40 56    
41 36 58 42 39              
Solution:

Step 1: Rank the data as shown in the following table.

Step 2: The median of these 25 data values has a rank of 13. Thus the
median is 43. The second quartile Q2 is the median of the data, so Q2 = 43.
Step 3: There are 12 data values less than the median and 12 data values
greater than the median. The first quartile is the median of the data values less
than the median. Thus, Q1 is the mean of the data values with ranks of 6 and 7.
  39 + 39
𝑄 1= =39
2

The third quartile is the median of the data values greater than the median. Thus, Q3
is the mean of the data values with ranks of 19 and 20.

  50+53
𝑄 3= =51.5
2
 ANSWER!!

Check Your Progress 13

Activity 5. Measures of Relative Position 

 THANK YOU!
GOD BLESS 

PREPARED BY
MS. EDESA L. JARABEJO