GENETIC MATERIAL

Prodi Pendidikan Biologi

UIN Walisongo Semarang
2019
 PHOEBUS A. LEVENE
 Russian born, immigrated to America, moves
to Europe
 1920’s discovered nucleotides (building
blocks of DNA)
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
 P. Levene, W. Jacobs et.al RNA (ribose) –
DNA (deoxyribose)
 FREDERICK GRIFFITH
1. First, he injected living Type S bacteria into rats:
 Second, he injected dead Type S into the rats:
 Next, he injected living type R bacteria:
 Finally, he injected a mixture of living type R and dead type S:
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS:
 Because the dead rat tissue showed living Type S
bacteria, something “brought the Type S back to life”
 Actually one bacterial type incorporated the DNA, or
instructions, from the dead bacteria into its own
DNA
 Known as transformation
 Confirmed by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in 1944
 OSWALD AVERY
 Canadian biologist
(1877-1955)
 Discovered DNA in
1944 with a team of
scientists
HERSHEY AND CHASE
 1952
 Attempted to solve
the debate on
whether DNA or
proteins are
responsible for
providing the
genetic material
They used a bacteriophage (a virus which attacks
bacteria) to prove that DNA was definitely the
genetic material
 HELIX
 1953

 JamesWatson and Francis Crick worked out the

three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work
by Rosalind Franklin
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
 Used X-Ray diffraction to
get information about
the structure of DNA:
 DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines Purines
 THE DOUBLE-HELIX
 A twisted ladder with two long chains of alternating phosphates
and sugars. The nitrogenous bases act as the “rungs” joining the
two strands
 5 end 3 end
 Each strand of the double
helix is oriented in the P
opposite direction

P P

P P

P P

3 end 5 end
 Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands
together: A and T - C and G
Hydrogen bond

Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model

 CHARGAFF’S RULES
 The relative amounts of adenine and thymine
are the same in DNA
 The relative amounts of cytosine and guanine
are the same
 G+C content
HOW LONG IS THE DNA MOLECULE?
 DNA AND RNA ARE POLYMERS OF NUCLEOTIDES
 DNA is a nucleic acid - made of long chains of nucleotides

Phosphate
group

Nitrogenous
base
Sugar Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Phosphate
group
Nucleotide

Thymine (T)

Sugar
(deoxyribose)

DNA nucleotide
Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone
 RNA is also a nucleic acid
– different sugar
– U instead of T
– single strand usually
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)
Phosphate
group

Uracil (U)

Sugar
(ribose)
• The information constituting an organism’s genotype is
carried in its sequence of bases

The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated

into the polypeptide

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

RNA

TRANSLATION

Protein
TRANSLATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS INTO AMINO
ACIDS

 The “words” of the DNA “language” are

triplets of bases called codons

The codons in a gene specify the amino

acid sequence of a polypeptide
CODONS
A three letter “word” that specifies an amino acid
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code
“unity of life” Second Base

U C A G
UUU UCU UAU UGU U
phe tyr cys
UUC UCC UAC UGC C
U ser
UUA UCA UAA stop UGA stop A
leu
UUG UCG UAG stop UGG trp G
CUU CCU CAU his CGU U
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
C leu pro arg

Third Base
First Base

CUA CCA CAA gln CGA A

CUG CCG CAG CGG G
AUU ACU AAU AGU U
asn ser
AUC ile ACC AAC AGC C
A thr
AUA ACA AAA AGA A
lys arg
AUG met (start) ACG AAG AGG G
GUU GCU GAU GGU U
asp
GUC GCC GAC GGC C
G val ala gly
GUA GCA GAA GGA A
glu
GUG GCG GAG GGG G
 Gene 1 Gene 3

DNA molecule

Gene 2

DNA strand

TRANSCRIPTION

RNA

Codon
TRANSLATION

Polypeptide
Amino acid
 An exercise in translating the genetic code
Transcribed strand

DNA

Transcription

RNA

Start Stop
codon Translation codon

Polypeptide
 MUTATIONS

 The source of variation in a genetic sequence

 Can be either gene or chromosomal mutations
 CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION
 The nucleus of one human cell contains approximately 1 meter of
DNA
 histones = DNA tightly wrapped around a protein

 Nucleosome:
DNA replication’s Hypotheses
 DNA REPLICATION
 Must occur before a cell
divides
 Each new cell needs a
copy of the information
in order to grow
DNA REPLICATION. WHY NEEDED?
 Before DNA strand can
be replicated or copied
it must be “unzipped”
 DNA polymerase
(enzyme that unzips)
 Starts at many
different points. Why?
DNA DENATURATION

Melting
temperature
(Tm) = ?
 EXONS AND INTRONS
 EXONS
A segment of DNA in eukaryotic
organisms that codes for a
specific amino acid
 INTRONS
A segment of DNA that does NOT
code for an amino acid
 DISKUSI
1. Jelaskan struktur molekul DNA untai ganda!

2. Apakah perbedaan mendasar antara DNA dan

RNA?

3. Bagaimana kaitan antara DNA, gen dan kromosom?

4. Bagaimana kaitan antara G+C content pada molekul

DNA dengan proses denaturasi?
SEKIAN
 KUIS
1. Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan komplementaritas DNA!

2. Terdapat seuntai tunggal DNA: .....3’-TACCGAGTACTGACT-

5’.......
a. Bagaimana susunan basa pada rantai DNA komplementernya?
b. Buatlah rantai mRNA yang akan dibuat dari untai tersebut!
c. Apakah polipeptida yang dikodekan oleh untai tunggal DNA
tersebut? (Lihat tabel)

3. Bagaimana hubungan antara DNA, gen dan kromosom?

 Second Base

U C A G
UUU UCU UAU UGU U
phe tyr cys
UUC UCC UAC UGC C
U ser
UUA UCA UAA stop UGA stop A
leu
UUG UCG UAG stop UGG trp G
CUU CCU CAU his CGU U
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
C leu pro arg

Third Base
First Base

CUA CCA CAA gln CGA A

CUG CCG CAG CGG G
AUU ACU AAU AGU U
asn ser
AUC ile ACC AAC AGC C
A thr
AUA ACA AAA AGA A
lys arg
AUG met (start) ACG AAG AGG G
GUU GCU GAU GGU U
asp
GUC GCC GAC GGC C
G val ala gly
GUA GCA GAA GGA A
glu
GUG GCG GAG GGG G