More on TCP/IP

and
Networking

CS-328
Dick Steflik
Open Systems Interconnection Model
• 7 Layer model
– 7 Application
– 6 Presentation
– 5 Session
– 4 Transport
– 3 Network
– 2 Data Link
– 1 Physical Hardware Connection
 X.25 and the ISO Model
• International Standard
• Fully compliant with the OSI 7 layer model
• X.25 is the set of protocols recommended
by Telecommunications Section of the
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU-TS)
 Physical Layer
• X.25 specifies a standard for physical
interconnection
– electrical specs (voltages, current)
– connectors
 Data Link Layer
• specifies how data travels between a host
and the packet switch it is connected to
– frame - unit of data
– specs for framing of data
• what defines start of frame and end of frame
• frame checksuming and acknowledgement and
receipt
– HDLC - High level data Link Control
 Network Layer
• also called the network or communication
subnet layer
• defines the basic Unit of Transfer
– includes destination addressing and routing
• assembles a packet and uses layer to
transfer it to the packet switch
 Transport Layer
• provides end-to-end reliability
• double checks what what was done at the
lower layers
 Session Layer
• Remote Terminal Access
– so important that it occupies its own layer
 Presentation Layer
• services used by applications
– text compression/decompression
– graphic object serialization
 Application Layer
• applications that use the network
– e-mail - x.400
– file transfer
 X.25 vs TCP/IP
• Main difference is approach to reliability
– X.25 - reliability is at link level and insurance
is provided at all layers
• causes possible retries many times
– TCP/IP - reliability is an end-to-end problem
• done almost exclusively at Transport layer
– retries only done at transport layer rather than every layer
 Another Difference
• X.25 - idea of a network is a utility that
provides transport service
– network vendor provides billing, handling
routing problems, flow control
– network is complex with simple hosts at the
end points
 Another Difference (more)
• TCP/IP
• hosts actively participate in reliability,
routing and network control (ICMP)
• the network is a simple packet delivery
system with complex hosts at end points