LINEAR MEASUREMENTS &

PLANE RECTANGULAR COORDINATES,

TRAVERSING AND BEARING SHEET

Dedan Kimathi University of Technology

By: Daniel Nyangweso

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OUTLINE
• Parameters used in measuring distances
• Equipments used in measuring distance

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• Standardization Corrections on distances
• Computation of a polar
• Traversing-join-coordinates of a point through bearing
and distance and area computation

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PARAMETERS USED IN MEASURING DISTANCES
 Accuracy on measurements depends on the purpose of which they will be
used for
 Accuracy is the nearness of obtained values tp the value
 Precision is the nearness of obtained set of figures in terms of range

 Equipments used in measuring distances

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1. Survey chain
2. Electromagnetic distance measurements(EDM)
3. The science of trigonometry

Survey chains used today have now material strength longest available is
180400m, 10000m 5000m
EDMs measure distances that are short up to a maximum of 15 km. they are
fast and efficient
4. Tellurometers
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Early form of EDMs up to 200km
USING EDMS

 A crystal to generate a electromagnet wire is used in a gadget.

 The wire propagates through the atmosphere to another point where there is
a reflector. therefore intervisibility is required since wires cannot penetrate
hard objects

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STANDARDIZATION CORRECTIONS ON DISTANCES
 1. chain
 Intervisibility must exist
 Tripods

Tripods are used with plumb bob to avoid the rugged terrain of the ground

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

 The chain has some weight and therefore it sags therefore a correction for sag
must be computed
 Distances used on maps are horizontal and are obtained by projecting points on a
plane surface
 Different projections are used but the one used depends on
1. Purpose e.g pilot maps , angles must not be distorted. Area for title deeds
cannot be distorted
2. Size of the ground
3. Shape of the ground
4. hemisphere 5
CONT…..

 However in trying to project a curved surface on a plane , certain errors

must occur
 In setting drains the slope distance is used i.e where maps are not required
in determining the correction
1. The angle is measured using a theodolite.

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l f
 cos 
lm
l f
lm 
cos 
lf
2. H.D
lm

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 STANDARDIZATION CORRECTION
 Calliberation chain. Chain for calibrating other chains correction that is used
to rectify an error that occurs when using a non standard chain i.e. if used
chain is longer or shorter than calibrating chain

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I. Callibration of EDMs
After much usage the characteristics of waves produced change
Calllibration of all instruments is due under controlled condition of
temperature , pressure humidity e.t.c
Temperature correction
Correction done to measurements done at different temperature from which
the instrument was calliberated
Coefficient of expansion of material should be known 7
TENSION CORRECTION
 This is done to correct the error that occurs when different tensions are applied
from the one used during the calibration of the instruments.
 All corrections are small and mm are used

 Datum correction

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 Datum is a base for mapping. Is the correction that is done on the difference of
measurements obtained using different datum from the standard ones
 Corrections
Standard.
 

L L1  Ln
CS 
ln

 Where
 L= measured field value
 Ll 1n =nominal length of chain
 standardised length 8
SLOPE

 Use the cosine formula

lm lf
 cos 
 θ lm
lf

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1m
1m  1m cos   1m1  cos  
Or
n 2
2l
w 2  m 3 cos  
Sag= 24T 2

w= weight of chain pa length

Lm=measured length
θ = slope angle 9

T= tension
TEMPERATURE
 = lm  t f  ts 

   coefficient of expansion of material

 tf  temperature in the field
t s  temperature in the calibration chamber

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Tension
lm (tensionfie ls  Tstadard )
Tension =
AE
A=X-Section area of chain
E= youngs modulus of elasticitis
DATUM
Lmh
R
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DATUM CONT………..
 Where ;
 h= height of site above datum
 R=radius of the earth

A B

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h
A1 B1

A II B II

R Sea level

 All the corrections summed up

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 ∑CR
 LM  C R  L final
CONT…….
 Slope angle is measured to the nearest minute
 Distance is recorded to the nearest mm
EDM
 They also require certain corrections
 E.M wave is affected by atm conditions like temperature , air pressure and

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humidity
 The constants are specified by the manufacturer
∆x B (Y,x)
x
 sin 
L ∆y

l
x  l sin 
y  l cos 
A x

yB  y A  Y
 Coordinates of B = XB  X A  X

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GIVEN THE COORDINATES OF SOME POINT

Y X 
1, 1


∆ L
Y
Y 

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, X2
∆X
2

Y 2  X 2  L
y
tan  
x

Determine the bearing =90+θ

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 THEODOLITE

 -measuring angles
 Consists of a telescope for observing angles for any direction

 Accuracy varies from theodolite to another as 1” 0r 0.2”

Altimeter
-Measure height above the sea level

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-A prism is set at optical centre to observe the ray
E.D.M
Measures both angles and linear distances
Level
Assists in getting difference in elevation between points.
-Used together with a graduated rod.

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 PLANE RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
computation of a polar-Given coordinates of G15 -129602.76, -14585.60 and bearing
and distance of G15 to G16 as 119º 49’24”@74.894 metres and compute the
coordinates of G16 (7 Marks).
Solution
 
119º 49’24”
119º 49’24”
Δx

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G15 G15 X axis
α
74.894 m G16

y x
sin   cos  
74.894 74.894
  

∆y=74.894.sinα= -37.247
∆x=74.894.cosα =+64.975
G16 Coordinates ?
G16 -129602.764 +ΔY= -129602.76-37.247
G16 -14585.6+ΔX= -14585.6+64.975
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G16 (-129640.01,-14520.62)

NB: first coordinate is assumed a y or northing value.

 COMPUTATION OF A POLAR CONT..
 Compute G16-G17 Given that
126⁰ 09 ’ 46“ @67.231 m
Compute the coordinates for G17.
Given G16 (-129040.01,-14520.62)
x
 Cos36 09’46”
67.231

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126⁰ 09 ’ 46“ y
 Sin36  09’46”
∆x 67.231

36 ⁰09’ 46” ∆y ∆x=67.231Cos36⁰09’46” = 54.278

∆y=67.231Sin36⁰09’46” = - 39.672
 G16 (-129640.01,-14520.62)
 G17=G16-G17=(-129640.01+∆y), -14520.62+∆x)
G17 =(-129679.682,-14466.342)
G16 (-129640.01,-14520.62)
G17 =(-129679.682,-14466.342)
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On the scientific calculator
POL(N2-N1, E2-E1)=67.231 m then ALPHA then F gives 129º 09’ 47.57”
 JOIN COMPUTATION

 Given the coordinates of two points

 Required: to compute bearing and distance between them.
 G21 -129792.73 -14864.15 The bearing G21→Pin =+180+71 13 26
 Pin -129880.78 -15123.15 G21→Pin bearing is 251⁰ 13’ 26”
Distance=[(259.0) ²+(88.05) ²]½=273.5577
-88.05 -259.00 =273.56 m
Bearing Pin → G21=back bearing of 251⁰ 13’ 26”=71⁰13’26”

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G21
259.0
α Tan    2.9415
88.05= ∆N 88.05
  71.2239
Pin   7113'26"
259.0= ∆E

On scientific calculator
Type pol(N2-N1,E2-E1
OR POL(Y2-Y1,X2-X1)
On pressing = you get distance between points or 273.56m 17
On pressing ALPHA then F you get bearing or 71º 13’26.22 ”
 PLANE RECTANGULAR COORDINATES CONTI..
 Terms
 Control Point-a point which position is known physically or mathematically
 Traversing-is a method of control surveying composing of a system of using
polar computations of many points to acquire distance and coordinates of a

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given point.
 Orienting the instrument-setting the measuring instrument at an angle of
00⁰ 00’ 00”.00 as to acquire the reference meridian from which measurements
of angles are to be made.
 Given coordinates of a point required to calculate coordinates of another point
20 km away where there are obstructions.

A
Choose another point where inter-
visibility exists and take the shortest
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convenient not possible.
TRAVERSING
 Traversing is a method of providing control.
Others include:-
 Triangulation

 GPS

 Astronomy

 Photogrammetric methods

 Resection

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 Trilateration

-If original orientation did not exist the traversing will be un oriented.
Closed traverse-Traverse that starts at a control point that is oriented openly and ending at a
point with orientation.
Hanging traverse-Has no opening orientation may not be adjusted
-have opening orientation and no closing orientation.
Loop traverse-can be closed or not closed
Open traverse- Has no opening and closing orientation.
Traverse starting at a control point and ending at a control point is called a Ray traverse.
Each traverse has its own use.
-General idea is to provide controls.
Loop traverse are inaccurate due to occurrence of errors hence a ray is required outside the loop
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to act as control
 TRAVERSING:BEARING SHEET
@FP10 ORIENTATION(“) ORIENTED CORRECTIONS FINAL
7 194 56 56 + 06 194 57 02
3 105 00 00 + 08 105 00 08
19 14 56 50 +07” 14 56 57 +03 ” 14 57 00

@19 FNP16
1 194 57 07 -10 “
F1 39 28 09 39 27 59 +06 “ 39 28 05

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@F1 FNP16
19 219 27 50 +09 ”
F2 39 30 47 39 30 56 +09 “ 30 31 07

@F2 FNP17
F1 219 30 48 +08 “
F3 43 36 55 43 37 03 +12 “ 43 37 15

@F3 FNP 18
F2 223 37 14 -11 ”
HE10 56 15 51 56 15 40 +15 “ 56 15 55

@HE10 FNP 18
F3 236 15 55 -15 “
HE11 297 33 29 297 33 14 + 17 ” 297 33 31
HE8 116 17 44 116 17 29 +20 “ 116 17 49
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18 ”
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END