Earth and Life Science/Geology

Mrs. Palafox
 The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is directly related to the theory of ___________,
the idea that the Earth’s tectonic plates are continuously moving.

Igneous Ro Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R
ock

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is directly related to the theory of plate tectonics,
the idea that the Earth’s tectonic plates are continuously moving.

Igneous Ro Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R
ock

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R
ock

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R
ock

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R 5
ock

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
a Sedimentary Ro
ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

1 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks
3
3

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks
3
3 4

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks
3
3 4

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

3
Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Number Process

1 Heating (melting)

2 Cooling and solidification (Crystallization)

3 Heat and Pressure

4 Weathering and Erosion

5 Cementation and Compaction (Lithification)

Igneous Ro 4 Sediments
cks
3
3 4

1 2 Metamorphic R 5
ock 4

1 3
Magma/Lav
Sedimentary Ro
a 1 ck
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

_____________ rocks form when ____________ or ___________ cools, crystallizes,

and solidifies.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

______________ is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are _______________ and ______________.

 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

________________ igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks
are also referred to as __________________.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as plutonic.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as plutonic.
________________ igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These
rocks are also referred to as __________________.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as volcanic.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as volcanic.
The process where orderly patterns form when __________ cools is called
_____________________.
 Igneous Rocks: Basics

Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools, crystallizes, and solidifies.

Lava is magma that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Two basic types of igneous rocks are intrusive and extrusive.

Intrusive igneous rocks form deep within the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as plutonic.
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the surface of the Earth. These rocks are also
referred to as volcanic.
The process where orderly patterns form when magma cools is called
crystallization.
 Texture

_____________ cooling forms ___________, coarse textured crystals.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

_____________ cooling forms ___________, fine textured crystals.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main ___________ found in _____________.
 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.
 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by __________ and ___________.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

____________ is the most important characteristic for determining where an

igneous rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous

rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.
 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous

rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a fine-grained texture.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous

rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous

rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.

Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known as _____________.

 Texture

Slow cooling forms visible, coarse textured crystals.

Fast cooling forms invisible, fine textured crystals.

Silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium

are the main elements found in minerals.

Igneous rocks are usually classified by composition and texture.

Texture is the most important characteristic for determining where an igneous

rock formed. The rate of cooling determines this.

An igneous rock is aphanitic if it has a fine-grained texture.

Gas bubbles trapped in solidifying lava are known as vesicles.

 Texture

An igneous rock is _______________ if it has a coarse-grained texture.

 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a _________________ texture.
 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a porphyritic texture.
 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a porphyritic texture.

Very rapid cooling can form a ___________ texture, as in obsidian.

 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a porphyritic texture.

Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.

 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a porphyritic texture.

Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.

The ________________ of an igneous rock will influence ___________.

 Texture

An igneous rock is phaneritic if it has a coarse-grained texture.

An igneous rock with very large crystals embedded within smaller crystals has
a porphyritic texture.

Very rapid cooling can form a glassy texture, as in obsidian.

The composition of an igneous rock will influence texture.

 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying ______________ content.

 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named ____________ found that minerals with higher melting points
______________ before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for ____________ ____________ __________.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A _______________ reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.

A _______________ reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sod

become more sodium rich.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.

A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium

ions to become more sodium rich.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.

A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium

ions to become more sodium rich.

__________________ ___________________ is the process of creating

more than one rock type from the same magma. This proves that a single
magma form many different types of igneous rocks.
 Composition

Igneous rocks have varying mineral content.

A scientist named Norman L. Bowen found that minerals with higher melting
points crystallized before minerals with lower melting points. This is the basis
for Bowen’s Reaction Series.

A discontinuous reaction series occurs when each mineral has a different

crystal structure.

A continuous reaction series is when calcium-rich crystals react with sodium

ions to become more sodium rich.

Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating more than one rock type
from the same magma. This proves that a single magma form many different
types of igneous rocks.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as ______________. These

rocks are rich in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as
_____________. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite,
amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as
mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole,
pyroxene, and olivine.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as
mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole,
pyroxene, and olivine.

Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and
high contents of iron and magnesium are known as _____________________.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as
mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole,
pyroxene, and olivine.

Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and
high contents of iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.
 Classification

Light colored rocks such as granite are known as felsic. These rocks are rich
in the minerals quartz and orthoclase/plagioclase feldspar.

Intermediate colored rocks such as diorite have moderate amounts of the

minerals biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.

Dark colored rocks rich in iron and magnesium such as gabbro are known as
mafic. These rocks are rich in the minerals plagioclase, biotite, amphibole,
pyroxene, and olivine.

Extremely dark rocks such as peridotite/dunite with low contents of silica and
high contents of iron and magnesium are known as ultramafic.

The following chart, reproduced from the course textbook on page 62, is how
igneous rocks are classified.
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite

Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine

K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite

Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine

K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite diorite
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite

Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine

K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite diorite gabbro
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite

Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine

K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite diorite gabbro
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
rhyolite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine
K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite diorite gabbro
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
rhyolite andesite
Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine
K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Classification

Granitic (Felsic) Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic

(Intermediate) (Mafic)

Phaneritic (coarse-grained) Peridotite

granite diorite gabbro
Aphanitic (fine-grained) Komatite
rhyolite andesite basalt
Major Mineral Composition Quartz Amphibole Ca-Feldspar Olivine
K-Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Pyroxene
Na-Feldspar plagioclase

Minor Mineral Composition Muscovite Pyroxene Olivine Ca-Feldspar

Biotite Amphibole Amphibole
Amphibole Biotite

Rock Color Light-colored Medium-colored Dark grey to Dark-green to

Based on % dark minerals < 15% dark 15-40% dark black black
minerals minerals > 40% dark ~ 100% dark
minerals minerals
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily _______________ rock, most of the

crust’s surface is covered by ___________________ rock.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through

_____________________ and ___________________________ of layers of
sediment.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in __________________ environments.

 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

______________________ is when rock fragments settle in a particular

area.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.

 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.

In a stream, __________________ is first to be deposited, then

_______________, then ____________________.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Although Earth’s crust is primarily igneous rock, most of the crust’s surface is
covered by Sedimentary rock.

In most simple terms, sedimentary rocks occur through cementation and
compaction of layers of sediment.

Most sedimentary rocks form in aquatic environments.

Deposition is when rock fragments settle in a particular area.

In a stream, boulders are first to be deposited, then gravel, then sand/silt.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become ________________ when they bump in to each other

in a stream.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

_________________ _________________ __________________
rock rock rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock _________________ __________________
rock rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock _________________ __________________
rock rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
Sandstone and Shale
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock __________________
rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
Sandstone and Shale
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock __________________
rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
Sandstone and Shale Salt and Tufa
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock Organic or Bioclastic
rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
Sandstone and Shale Salt and Tufa
 Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Rock particles become rounded when they bump in to each other in a

stream.

Sedimentary rocks are broken down into 3 groups.

Clastic rock Chemical Evaporite rock Organic or Bioclastic
rock
Fragments of other rocks Rocks that are formed Rocks that are formed
that are cemented and when minerals dissolved from sediments
compacted together in water precipitate, or consisting of the remains
create this type of rock. fall out of solution, form of plants and animals.
this type of rock.
Common examples are: Common examples are: Common examples are:
Sandstone and Shale Salt and Tufa Chalk, Fossiliferous
Limestone, Bituminous
Coal
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is

__________________ the arrangement of visible layers.
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification,

the arrangement of visible layers.
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification,

the arrangement of visible layers.

The ______________ layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom

of a column. The _______________ layers are always on the top of a column.
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification,

the arrangement of visible layers.

The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column.
The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification,

the arrangement of visible layers.

The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column.
The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.

Some sedimentary rocks contain ___________________. These could be

the remains, impression, or any other evidence of a plant or animal preserved
in rock. See Chapter 29 for details.
 Features of Sedimentary Rock

The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is stratification,

the arrangement of visible layers.

The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always on the bottom of a column.
The youngest layers are always on the top of a column.

Some sedimentary rocks contain fossils. These could be the remains,

impression, or any other evidence of a plant or animal preserved in rock. See
Chapter 29 for details.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes
Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called
_______________ rocks. The _________________ rocks can be igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by ___________________,

___________________, and __________________ ________________ is
called metamorphism.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: _____________ and

_____________.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

_________________ metamorphism can occur during mountain-building

events. The intense ___________ and _____________ from overlying and
compressing rock causes the chemical composition, texture, and/or internal
structure of the rock to change.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The

intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the
chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The

intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the
chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.

Metamorphic rocks are ____________ dense than the parent rocks.

 Metamorphic Rock Processes

Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks called parent rocks.
The parent rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

A change in a rock’s structure by heat, pressure, and chemical activity is

called metamorphism.

There are two basic types of metamorphism: regional and local.

Regional metamorphism can occur during mountain-building events. The

intense heat and pressure from overlying and compressing rock causes the
chemical composition, texture, and/or internal structure of the rock to change.

Metamorphic rocks are more dense than the parent rocks.

 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of

_____________, _________________, and _________________
________________.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called _____________ and

______________.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

________________ metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in

contact with rock, thereby heating and changing it.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock,
thereby heating and changing it.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock,
thereby heating and changing it.

________________ metamorphism occurs at low temperatures and high

pressure caused by stress and friction near earthquake faults. The altered
rocks have the same mineral composition, but show changes in structure and
texture.
 Metamorphic Rock Processes

The degree of metamorphism is determined by the amount of heat, pressure,

and chemical activity.

Two types of local metamorphism are called contact and deformational.

Contact metamorphism occurs when hot magma comes in contact with rock,
thereby heating and changing it.

Deformational metamorphism occurs at low temperatures and high pressure

caused by stress and friction near earthquake faults. The altered rocks have
the same mineral composition, but show changes in structure and texture.
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

____________________ is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals

or split along parallel layers.
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either ________________ or _______

________________.
______________________ rocks
Rocks that form alternating bands of
minerals or split along parallel layers
Common examples are:
_______ ________________ rocks
Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are:
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.

______________________ rocks _______ ________________ rocks

Rocks that form alternating bands of Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
minerals or split along parallel layers deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Common examples are:
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.

Foliated rocks _______ ________________ rocks

Rocks that form alternating bands of Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
minerals or split along parallel layers deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Common examples are:
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.

Foliated rocks _______ ________________ rocks

Rocks that form alternating bands of Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
minerals or split along parallel layers deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Common examples are:
Phyllite, Gneiss
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.

Foliated rocks Non-foliated rocks

Rocks that form alternating bands of Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
minerals or split along parallel layers deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Common examples are:
Phyllite, Gneiss
 Metamorphic Rock Descriptions

The descriptions and identifications of metamorphic rocks are often based on

the parent rock, mineral content, and texture.

Foliation is the tendency of a rock to form bands of minerals or split along

parallel layers.

Metamorphic rocks are either foliated or non-foliated.

Foliated rocks Non-foliated rocks

Rocks that form alternating bands of Rocks that appear shiny, crystalline, or
minerals or split along parallel layers deformed, but do not have layering.
Common examples are: Slate, Schist, Common examples are: Marble,
Phyllite, Gneiss Quartzite