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CH 10
CH 10
10 STATICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Method of Virtual Work
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Introduction
Work of a Force
Work of a Couple
Principle of Virtual Work
Applications of the Principle of Virtual Work
Real Machines. Mechanical Efficiency
Sample Problem 10.1
Sample Problem 10.2
Sample Problem 10.3
Work of a Force During a Finite Displacement
Potential Energy
Potential Energy and Equilibrium
Stability and Equilibrium
Sample Problems 10.4
Introduction
• Principle of virtual work - if a particle, rigid body, or system of
rigid bodies which is in equilibrium under various forces is given
an arbitrary virtual displacement, the net work done by the external
forces during that displacement is zero.
Work of a Force
dU F dr = work of the force F corresponding to
the displacement dr
dU F ds cos
0, dU F ds , dU F ds 2 , dU 0
dU Wdy
Work of a Force
Forces which do no work:
• reaction at a frictionless pin due to rotation of a body
around the pin
• reaction at a frictionless surface due to motion of a
body along the surface
• weight of a body with cg moving horizontally
• friction force on a wheel moving without slipping
Work of a Couple
W F dr1 F dr1 dr2
F dr2 F ds2 F rd
M d
x B 2l sin yC l cos
x B 2l cos yC l sin
output work
input work
2Ql cos
• For an ideal machine without friction, the Pl sin
output work is equal to the input work. 1 cot
• When the effect of friction is
considered, the output work is reduced.
U Qx B PyC Fx B 0
0 2Ql cos Pl sin Pl cos
Q 12 P tan
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of virtual work
U 0 U M U P
0 M PxD
xD 3l cos
xD 3l sin
M 3Pl sin
y B l sin yC 2l sin F ks
y B l cos yC 2l cos k yC h
k 2l sin h
0 P l cos k 2l sin h 2l cos
P 2kh
sin
4kl
F 12 P
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 - 11
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Edition
Ninth
0 12 W 2a cos FDH
aL sin
s
s
FDH W cot FDH 5.15 kN
L
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 - 13
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Edition
Ninth
Potential Energy
• Work of a weight
U12 Wy 1 Wy 2
The work is independent of path and depends only on
Wy V g potential energy of the body with
respect to the force of gravity W
U12 V g V g
1 2
• Work of a spring,
U12 12 kx12 12 kx22
Ve 1 Ve 2
Ve potential energy of the bodywith
respect to the elastic force F
Potential Energy
12 k 2l sin 2 W l cos
Stability of Equilibrium
dV
0
d
12 k a 2 mg b cos
sin
ka 2
4 kN m 0.08m 2
mgb
10kg 9.81m s 0.3m
2
0.8699
dV 0
0 ka 2 mgb sin
d
0.902 rad 51.7
d 2V
ka 2 mgb cos
d 2
4 kN m 0.08m 2 10kg 9.81m s 2 0.3m cos
25.6 29.43 cos
d 2V
at = 0: 2
3.83 0 unstable
d
d 2V
at = 51.7 : o
2
7.36 0 stable
d
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 - 22