UNIT-3 DAY-2

POPN,ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT
BY :-
Resham Bdr. Shahi
BASES OF QUALITY OF LIFE/
INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

 They are the criteria required for achieving the quality of life.
 They are as follows :-
i. Basic Needs Oriented Approach (Fulfillment of basic needs)
ii. Physical Quality Life Index (PQLI)
iii. Human Development Index (HDI)
iv. Life Happiness Index (LHI)
v. Gross National Product (GNP)
vi. PER CAPITA INCOME (PCI)
BASIC NEEDS OREINTED APPROACH

 Basic needs are the most important human needs that is necessary for our survival and existence.
 It includes food, shelter, clothes, drinks, medicine, education, sex and health services.
 All these need are essential for the survival of human beings to maintain good health , continue
the generation and achieve quality of life.
 This approach is based on the fulfillment of survival needs.
 It was considered as an indicator of economic development in 1970 A.D. by World Bank.
 It focuses on economic and social growth of people by means of fulfillment of the basic needs.
PHYSICAL QUALITY LIFE INDEX (PQLI)

 It is the one of the bases of quality of life that deals about social development and health status.
 It was developed by Morris De Morris in 1976 A.D.
 Its value ranges from 0 to 100 where 0 is the lowest and 100 is the highest PQLI value.
 It includes three factors i.e. life expectancy, literacy rate and Under 5 year CMR.
 Higher life expectancy and low under 5 year CMR Indicates better health status and vice versa.
 Higher literacy rate indicates better social development.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

 It is the enlargement of choices with socio-economic development.

 HDI is the statistical measure of human development.
 It was introduced by Indian economist Amaratya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahabub Ul Haq
in 1990 A.D.
 It is very popular as it is related to following factors : Life expectancy, PCI, Literacy rate.
 It is easier to calculate and use.
 It is more practical than LHI.
 It promotes industrial development but LHI highly affects the industrial development.
 Sustainable development practices are very difficult.
 Higher literacy rate reflects better social development.
 Higher PCI reflects better economic development.
 Higher Life expectancy reflects better health status.
 HDI value ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 is the minimum and 1 is the maximum HDI value.
 HDI and human development are closely related which is illustrated by following table:-

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LEVEL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Low human development 0 – 0.550
Medium human development 0.551 – 0.699
High human development 0.700 – 0.799
Vey high human development 0.800 - 1
LIFE HAPPINESS INDEX (LHI)

 It is one of the bases of life that deals with the mental and emotional satisfaction of the people and concerned
about the level of happiness.
 It was introduced by fourth Bhutanese Dragon King Jigme Singye Wangchuck in 1972 A.D.
 It deals with fundamental values of kindness, equality and humanity along with necessary economic growth.
 It was adopted by United Nation in July 2011 for global human development agenda.
 The LHI deals with the following 4 principles :-
i. Sustainable Development
ii. Preservation and promotion of cultural values
iii. Conservation of natural environment
iv. Establishment of good governance
NOTES

1. Sri Lanka has the highest HDI value and Afghanistan has the lowest HDI value in SAARC.
2. Norway has the highest HDI value but Niger has the lowest HDI value in the world.
3. HDI of Nepal is 0.559 In 2021 A.D.
4. Nepal was in 142th position out of 189 countries In the world in 2020 A.D.
GNP

 It is the monetary value of all finished goods and services all goods and services produced by all the citizens
of a country over a period of time.
 It does not include the monetary value earned by foreigners
 It is widely accepted as it reflects the country’s economic condition
PCI

 It is the average income of an individual citizen in a country.

 It is closely related with purchasing power of the individuals in a country
 It indicates the level of rich and poor countries
 It is calculated by dividing the GNP by total population of a country.