CHAPTER 7

GAS TURBINE
 TURBINE
A turbine is any kind of spinning device
(Turbo machine) that uses the action of a
fluid (air, wind, water, steam and helium) t
o produce work.

Turbines can be classified as

• Hydroulic turbine
• Wind turbines
• Windmills
• Steam turbine
• Gas turbine
 GAS TURBINE
• The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the
working fluid. It extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to
mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to
drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
 THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE (MAIN)
• Expand in turbine and • Air
exhaust through nozzle • Fuel

Expansio
n and Intake
exhaust

Combust Compres
ion sion
• Burning of mixiture • In compressor
In piston engine (engine in
a car), the intake,
compression, combustion,
and exhaust steps occur in
the same place (cylinder
head) at different times as
the piston goes up and
down.
In gas turbine engine, these
four steps (inlet,
compressor, combustion
and The turbine
( exhaust) ) occur at the
same time but in different
places.
 COMPONENTS

Compressor

Nozzle
Chamber

Turbine
• Uniform • Pressure Power
• Burning Raise
Intake

flow raise productio

• Clean • Temp raise
• Constant P
n KE
 COMPONENTS
Inlet
→Used to supply clean, undisturbed and unrestricted from atmospheric
conditions such as dust, salt, industrial pollution, foreign objects (birds,
nuts and bolts), and temperature (icing conditions).
→Ensures an uniform pressure and velocity at the entry to the
compressor.
→The inlet duct assembly is usually designed and produced as a separate
system rather than as part of the design and production of the engine.
 COMPRESSOR
• It is used to supply sufficient mass of air to turbine by converting
mechanical energy from the turbine to gaseous energy in the form
of static pressure and temperature
• In most gasturbine engines axial flow compressor with a series of
of rotor blades and stator vanes is used.
• Rotor blades:- Convert mechanical energy into gaseous energy by
greatly increasing total pressure (Pt). Most of the increase is in
the form of velocity (Pi), with a small increase in static pressure
(Ps) due to the divergence of the blade flow paths
The stator vanes:- slow the air by means of their divergent duct
shape, converting 'the accelerated velocity (Pi) to higher static
pressure (Ps).
In addition to the series stages of blades and vanes, the
compressor also incorporates:-
• Inlet guide vanes (neither divergent nor convergent)
→located at the inlet
→direct air to the first stage compressor blades at the "best"
angle
• Outlet guide vanes (neither divergent nor convergent)
→located at the outlet
→straighten the air to provide the combustor with the proper
airflow direction
• The air compressor and turbine are mounted at either end on a common
horizontal axle(shaft), with the combustion chamber between them.
• Gas turbines are not self starting. A starting motor initially drives the
compressor till the first combustion of fuel takes place, later, part of the
turbine’s power runs the compressor.
 Stator, blades attached are stationary blades (s)

First blade, stationary

(inlet guide vane)

Rotor, Blades attached are rotary blades (R).

 DIFFUSER

• A very divergent duct whose primary function is aerodynamic. The

divergent duct shape converts most of the air’s velocity (P i) into
static pressure (PS).
→As a result, the highest PS and lowest Pi in the entire engine is at the
point of diffuser discharge and combustor inlet.
• In addition to pressure increment, it also provides:
• Engine structural support, including engine mounting to the nacelle
• Support for the rear compressor bearings and seals
 COMBUSTION CHAMBER:
• In the combustion chamber, the compressed air combines with fuel and the
resulting mixture is burnt.
• The greater the pressure of air, the better the fuel air mixture burns.
• Modern gas turbines usually use liquid fuel, but they may also use gaseous
fuel, natural gas or gas produced artificially by gasification of a solid fuel.
Note :
• The combination of air compressor and combustion chamber is called as gas
generator.

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 Turbine
• The burning gases expand rapidly and rush into the turbine, where they cause the
turbine wheels to rotate.
• Hot gases move through a multistage gas turbine.
• It has fixed(stationary) and moving (rotor) blades.
• The stationary blades guide the moving gases to the rotor blades and adjust its
velocity.
• The shaft of the turbine is coupled to a generator or machinery to drive it.

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 Nozzle
The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the jet engine. This is the jet engine
part which actually produces the thrust for the plane. The combination
of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an exhaust, which
causes a forward thrust.

- the principle of equal and opposite reaction means that the force
of the exhausted air drives the airplane forward
The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer, which combines
the high temperature air coming from the jet engine core
with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan.
The mixer helps to make the jet engine quieter.
 Fan,
All Compr
engine

To
pro/ce
trust

Turbine power
 WORKING PRINCIPLE :
• Air enters the trough the intake duct (cowl).
• Air compressed by passage through the
compressor.
• Mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber.
• Fuel is ignited, Pressure and Temperature
raised
• Some of the pressure used to turn a turbine;
• Its shaft drives the compressor.
• Hot, high pressure air forced through a nozzle.
• The reaction force is the engine thrust.
 High speed car, pump …

Applications

Power generation Aircraft, ship

 GAS TURBINE CYCLES
• It is a cycle describes what happens to air as it passes into, through, and
out of the gas turbine.
• It is Brayton cycle that shows us the relationship between V and P
The Brayton cycle is made up of four
internally reversible processes for
ideal cases.

1-2 compression
2-3 combustion
3-4 expansion
4-1 exhaust
IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• The thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle under the cold
air standard assumptions becomes:
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• Substituting these equations into the thermal efficiency relation and
simplifying:

• The thermal efficiency of a Brayton cycle is therefore a function of the

cycle pressure ratio and the ratio of specific heats.
 ACTUAL/REAL BRAYTON CYCLE

• Actual Brayton cycles differ from the

ideal cycles in all the four processes.
• The compression process and
expansion processes are non-isentropic.
• Pressure drop during heat addition and
heat rejection.
• The presence of irreversibilities causes
the above deviations.
 ACTUAL/REAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• The deviation of actual compressors and turbines from the isentropic versions can be
accounted for by using the isentropic efficiencies.

• Where, 2a and 4a are the actual states at the compressor and turbine exit and 2s
and 4s are the corresponding isentropic states.
 ACTUAL/REAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• As a result of non-isentropic compression and expansion, the
compressor needs more work than the ideal cycle and turbine
generates less work.
• Isentropic efficiencies reflect the amount of deviation of the
actual compression/expansion processes from the ideal.
• Total pressure losses in the heat addition/rejection processes
also need to be considered.
 ACTUAL/REAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• Other differences between ideal and actual Brayton cycles
• Change of specific heats with temperature
• Heat exchanger effectiveness (in case of regenerative cycles)
• Mass flow rate of fuel
• Combustion efficiency
• These parameters are often used in actual cycle analysis.
 ACTUAL/REAL BRAYTON CYCLE
• Variants of the simple Brayton cycle
• Reheating
• Intercooling
• Regeneration
• Actual cycles with the above will be different from the ideal cycles in
terms of the irreversibilities present.
• Isentropic efficiencies, total pressure losses, heat exchanger
effectiveness for each additional components of the cycle.
• Problem # 1
A Brayton cycle operates with a regenerator of 75%
effectiveness. The air at the inlet to the compressor is at 0.1
Mpa and 30oC , the pressure ratio is 6.0 and the maximum
cycle temperature is 900oC. If the compressor and the turbine
have efficiencies of 80% each,