WORKING WITH

FORMULAS
Mode, Median, Mean,Range
and Standard deviation
Mokhira Djuraeva
As a student, each of you had to conduct a pre-test in the
groups distributed to you before starting your Research during
Qualification practice and of course the post-test after the
internship (which lasted two months).
After collecting data it is necessary to make statistical analyses
• A pre/post-test should be designed to measure the

amount of learned material a pupil has acquired in a

specific subject. To do this, questions concerning to your
research topics covered during past years can appear on
the test. When grading the tests, the researcher assigns
a numerical score to both the pre-test and the post-test.
 
Full names of pupils Scores of pre-test Scores of
post-test
1 Abduraupova Naima 18 22
2 Avazhonova Ruqiya 22 25
3 Abduqodirov Abubakir 16 19
4 Abdumannonov Abduvoris 18 21
5 Abdullayeva O’gilposhsha 22 24
6 Abdusattorova Xakima 23 25
7 Erkinjonova Nafosat 24 22
8 Jo’rayeva Mo’mina 20 20
9 Jalilov Abdurahmon 17 19
10 Jamolova Mohisa 23 25
11 Fahriddinova Soliha 26 28
12 Ilyosova Marjona 24 27
13 Normatova Muyassar 25 27
14 Karimova Muxlisa 21 24
15 Muhammadova Maxbuba 21 25
16 Mahkamov Kamollidin 25 27
• The most commonly used statistic is the average,

finding where the middle of the data lies.

There are three ways to measure the average:
• the mean, median, and mode.
• Why three ways?

• Good question. Each will give you a different

way of looking at the numbers; depending

on the question you're trying to answer (or
the argument you're trying to make), any of
the three could prove the most useful.
 The Mode
The mode is the value that appears the most
It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.

2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 3, 1

(order them from smallest to largest)

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6 3 is the
mode
because it
appears
the most
You can have more than
one mode
1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 9, 9, 9

There are two

modes here 3 and 9
 The mode is the most frequent value
(it appears the most)

The mode is the value that appears the most

Work out the mode of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 23, 10, 11, 16, 19

11 and 23
are the
(order them from smallest to largest) two modes
because
they
appear the
10, 11, 11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 23 most

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Mode
The mode is the most frequent value
(it appears the most)

The mode is the value that appears the most

Work out the mode of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

1, 5, 6, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 6, 2, 10

(order them from smallest to largest) 5 is the

mode
because it
appears
1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 10 the most

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Mode
The mode is the most frequent value
(it appears the most)

The mode is the value that appears the most

Work out the mode of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 23, 10, 11, 16, 19

11 and 23
are the
(order them from smallest to largest) two modes
because
they
appear the
10, 11, 11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 23 most

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Mode
The mode is the most frequent value
(it appears the most)

The mode is the value that appears the most

Work out the mode of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 10, 12, 16, 19

(order them from smallest to largest) There is

NO mode
in this set
10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23 of data!

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Median
The median is the middle number.

Put the numbers in order from the smallest to the largest.

Cover up one number on each end until you get to the middle.

2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 The median is the middle number.

The median is the value that appears in the middle…

It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.

2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 3, 3, 1

(order them from smallest to largest and cross them out until
you reach the middle)
3 is the
median
because it
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6 appears in
the middle

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The median is the middle value
(it appears in the middle)

The median is the value that appears in the middle

Work out the median of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 23, 10, 11, 16, 19

16 is the
median
(order them from smallest to largest) because it
appears
the middle

10, 11, 11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 23

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The TheMedian
median is the middle value
(it appears in the middle)

The median is the value that appears in the middle

Work out the median of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 23, 14, 10, 11, 16, 19

The middle of
this sequence
is in-between
(order them from smallest to largest) 14 and 16 = 15
15 is the
median
10, 11, 11, 14, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 23

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The TheMedian
median is the middle value
(it appears in the middle)

The median is the value that appears in the middle

Work out the median of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

23, 34, 22, 24, 43, 34, 23, 34, 22, 13

The middle of
this sequence is
in-between
(order them from smallest to largest) 23 and 24 = 23.5
23.5 is the
median
13, 22, 22, 23, 23, 24, 34, 34, 34, 43

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

The
Range
The range is the difference between
the lowest and the highest value.
Find the highest and lowest values

Subtract the lowest value from the highest

2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
9 – 2 = 7
Range = 7
The range is the difference between the lowest and the
highest value.

The range is the highest - lowest

Work out the range of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

11, 23, 22, 14, 23, 10, 11, 16, 19

23 – 10 = 13
(order them from smallest to largest) The range is
13

10, 11, 11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 23

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Range
The range is the difference between the lowest and the
highest value.

The range is the highest - lowest

Work out the range of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

20, 32, 45, 23, 24, 54, 23, 50, 60

60 – 20 = 40
(order them from smallest to largest) The range is
40

20, 23, 23, 24, 32, 45, 50, 54, 60

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

 The Range
The range is the difference between the lowest and the
highest value.

The range is the highest - lowest

Work out the range of these numbers
*It helps if you order the values from smallest to largest.*

12, 17, 32, 21, 50, 43, 23, 5, 23, 21, 21

50 – 5 = 45
(order them from smallest to largest) The range is
45

5, 12, 17, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 32, 43, 50

(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)

•The Mean
 The mean is the average.
To find the mean, add up all of the values to find a total.

Divide the total by the number of values you have added

together

2 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 30
30 ÷ 6 = 5
The mean is 5
 The Mean
The mean is the average
To find the mean, add up all of the values to find a total.
Divide the total by the number of values you have added together
Work out the mean of these numbers

11, 12, 10

10 + 11 + 12 = 33
33 ÷ 3 = 11
The mean is 11
(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)
 The Mean
The mean is the average
To find the mean, add up all of the values to find a total.
Divide the total by the number of values you have added together
Work out the mean of these numbers

10, 20, 15, 5

5 + 10 + 15 + 20 = 50
50 ÷ 4 = 12.5
The mean is 12.5
(Count them to check you have the same amount of numbers)
 Standard deviation SD
• 
•

What does standard deviation refer to and how is it

calculated? 

The standard deviation is the average of the differences of

all of the scores from the mean. The following formula is

used to calculate the standard deviation for a set of scores:

•
SD•
• 
 
SD
 
To calculate the standard deviation, begin inside the
formula and work outward. First, subtract the mean
from each score in the set. Then, square each of
these values and add them up. Divide the total by the
number of scores, and the square root of that total is
the standard deviation.
 Difference
Name Score Mean Difference Squared
 
Aziza 40 -- 70  -- 30  900

Barno 67  -- 70 -- 3   9
   
Laylo 67 -- 70 -- 3  9
 
Lola 70 -- 70  0  0
     
Shaxlo 76 -- 70 6 36
   
Nigina 80 -- 70  10 100
 
Umida 90 -- 70  20  400
•   

  SD14

Task: Now, calculate the standard deviation

for your target groups following the formula
above.
Usually each theory requires
practice after itself, and this leads
you to a deeper understanding of
the subject
Activity 1.

Determine the students’ pre-, post-test

results given in Table 1. based on the
provided rules. (the results were rated on a
maximum 30-point scale. Aspect:vocab.)
 Post-
Pre-test
test

mean mean

Mode Mode

median median
 Motivational Closing

• Our greatest weakness lies in

giving up. The most certain way
to succeed is always to try just
one more time”. - Thomas
Edison