SCI-M 216

(Thermodynamics)
LESSON 1:
Properties of Working Substance
Temperature – is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or
body.

Pyrometer – is an instrument used to measure high temperature

gases.

Thermometer – is an instrument used to measure the temperature of

a body or a substance.

Cryogenic temperature – very low temperature of a body or a

substance.
*FORMULAS:
 

a. Relationship between and scales

= (F -32)

= (C + 32)
b. Absolute temperatures:
=
*C.  Temperature Difference:

()

where:
- change in temperature
- could be consider as
PRESSURE – is the force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

Absolute Pressure – is the actual pressure at a given position.

Gage Pressure – is the pressure reading from the gage pressure

instrument which is higher or lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum Pressure – is a pressure that is less than atmospheric

pressure. A vacuum pressure is also a negative pressure.

Barometer – is an instrument use to measure atmospheric pressure.

Perfect Vacuum – a space that is devoid of matter, and in which the

pressure is “zero”
* 
FORMULAS:
a. Pressure
Pressure = , ,

b. Absolute Pressure = Gage Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure

= +

c. Vacuum Pressure

= +
*d.  Hydrostatic Pressure

P = wh
where:
P – pressure
w – density of a fluid ()
w – (SG x of water)
h – height
SG – specific gravity
Density of Water constants:
= 9.81
= 1000
= 62.4
=1
*DENSITY
  – may be defined as the mass divided by the volume or
reciprocal of specific volume.

where:

m – mass
V – volume
v – specific volume
* 
SPECIFIC VOLUME – is the volume of a substance divided by its mass
or reciprocal of density

v=

v=
where:

v – specific volume
m – mass
V – volume
- density
* 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – is the ratio of the density of any substance to
the density of water which is known as the standard density.

SG =

SG =

where;
Density of water:
𝛾 = 9.81
= 1000
= 62.4
= 1 𝑘𝑔/𝐿
*SAMPLE
  PROBLEMS (temperature)

If the temperature inside the furnace is 700what is the

corresponding reading in

GIVEN:
T = 700°𝐾

REQUIRED:

T=℉
* 
SOLUTION:

700°𝐾 = ℃ + 273

℃ = 700 – 273

℃ = 427
* 

( + 32 )

= (427 + 32 )
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Pressure)

A fluid with a vapor pressure of 0.2 Pa and a specific gravity of

12 is used in a barometer. If the fluids column height is 1m, what is
the atmospheric pressure?

GIVEN:
P = 0.2 Pa (vapor pressure)
SG = 12
h = 1m

REQUIRED:
P=?
*SOLUTION:
 

P = specific weight (density ) x height

P = (SG x w) (h)

P =(12x9.81) (1m)

P = 117.72 or kPa)
*SAMPLE
  PROBLEM (Specific Volume and Density)

An iron block weighs 5N and has a volume of 200. What is

the density of the block?

GIVEN:
m = 5 N (convert it into kg)

V = 200 (convert into )

REQUIRED:
=?
* 
SOLUTION:

m=5Nx

m = 0.5097 kg

V = 200 x

V=2x
* 

w=

w=

w = 2548.42