Development

• Progressive and dynamic process which involve the interaction of different

factors that are properly applied to produce more output

PROCESS OUTPUT
Development Growth

ACHIEVEMENT OF A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

Country Viewpoints on Development

• Industrialization
• Achievement of
independence – politically
and economically
• Educational systems,
expressways, corporate
cities
• Exploration of the outer
space
Authors’ Viewpoints on Development
• Economic sufficiency and growth (Hermoso, 1994)
• Improvement of the quality of life and personality of
individuals and groups (Simon, 1990)
• Shaping of attitudes and the creation of workable
institutions (Fickett, 1966)
• Improving human conditions such as poverty
reduction, unemployment, illiteracy, inequality,
disease and exploitations (Fajardo, 1990)
• Condition of life and a goal to be attained and as the
capacity to grow, change and develop (Gant, 1979)
• Relative to the aspirations fo the people on how the
aspirations are defined and how firmly they are
expressed (Korten, 1990)
Schools of Thought on Development

ECONOMIC Synonymous with economic growth

VIEWPOINT

ECONOMIC Change processes emphasizing

GROWTH & economic, social, cultural, political
SOCIAL CHANGE factors

ETHICAL Qualitative improvement in all

VIEWPOINT societies based on moral values
Meaning of Development
• Process dependent upon the outcome of man’s efforts in dealing with his
environment

ECONOMIC Growth in savings, investments,

national income, productivity, BOP

POLITICAL People’s participation in political

affairs

SOCIAL & People to lead fuller and richer lives,

CULTURAL less bound by traditions

ETHICAL Quality – social, health, education

Quantity – economic, political
participation
Development Study

SET OF GOALS Improve social, political and

cultural conditions – health,
education, transport, literacy

STRUCTURAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL

Complex combination of
PROCESS OF
interdependent changes – new
CHANGE
bridges, superhighways
Development Objectives

SUSTENANCE Increase the availability and widen

the distribution of basic life-
Ability to meet
sustaining goods such as food,
basic needs
shelter, health and protection

SELF-ESTEEM Raise levels of living, higher income,

provision of more jobs, better
To be a person
education, greater attention to
cultural and humanistic values

FREEDOM FROM Expand the range of economic and

SERVITUDE social choices available to
individuals and nations by freeing
To be able to
them from dependence and misery
choose
Questions About Development
1. Have general levels of living within a nation risen to the point that
there has been a lessening of absolute poverty and of inequality in
income distribution, as well as improvements in the level of
employment and the nature and quality of educational, health and
other social and cultural services?
2. Has economic progress enhanced individual and group esteem
both internally vis-à-vis one another, and externally vis-à-vis other
nations and regions?
3. Has economic progress expanded in the range of human choice
and freed people from external dependence and internal servitude
to other people and institutions, rather than merely substituting
one form of dependence (economic) for another (cultural)?

YES (1-3) – A nation has undergone development