Methods of Research Calmorin Chapter 4 Part II

CHAPTER 4
Part II
RESEARCH METHODS
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III. Experimental Method
 Focuses on the future (what will
be) when the variables are
carefully controlled or
manipulated
 It could be basic, applied or
developmental research
 Usually given priority for
grants-in-aid because research
output can be converted into
small and medium. It is expected
to reveal cause and effect
relationships.
 Outputs of experimental research
can be patented
Example: Ice Cream from Buko,
Kappaphycus and Gracilaria: Its
Acceptability, Salability and
Profitability
 Find out if the quality attributes
(color, odor, flavor and texture)
can compete with the commercial
quality attributes of buko (control
group). If acceptable then sell the
ice cream to determine which is
more salable and profitable.
Types of Experimental Research
1. Single-group design
 Design which involves one
treatment with two or more levels
 It is univariate analysis because
there is only one variable but with
two or more levels
Single-group design
Example: Effect on the Yield of Koi
Cultured in Aquaria When Different
Levels of Shrimp Meal are used as
Supplemental Feed
Single-group design
Example:
 Used three levels, 10%, 15% and
20% of shrimp meal and three
replications
 Used ANOVA one-factor or F test
one factor as statistical tool
2. Two-group design
 Design has two comparable
groups employed as control and
experimental groups or two group
s that are both experimental
groups.
 It is bivariate analysis because it
has two variables
Two-group design
Example 1: Acceptability of Pork
Siopao and Milkfish Bones Siopao
 Pork siopao is the control group
since it is already commercialized
and milk fish bones siopao is the
experimental group
 Used mean and t-test to compare
acceptability as rated by 25
panelists
Two-group design
Example 2: Effect of Shrimp Meal
and Bread Meal as Supplemental
Feeds of Catfish Cultured in Fishpond
 Shrimp meal and bread meal are
both experimental groups because
they are new
 Used mean and t-test on weight
of catfish
Two-group design
Example 3:
 Traditional is the control and
Modern is the Experimental group
 Used mean and t-test on scores
on tests
Two-group design
Example 3: Effectiveness of Teaching
Mathematics Using Traditional and
Modern Methods to Grade 7
Student s in Certain Private Schools
in Dipolog City
3. Two-pair group design
 Design is an extension of the two-
group design wherein there is one
pair of control group and one pair
of experimental group
Two-pair group design
Example 1: General Acceptability of
Ube Ice Cream and Mango Ice
Cream (Control Group) and Seaweed
Ice Cream and Squash Ice Cream
(Experimental Group)
Example 1:
 Used mean and ANOVA: two
factor or F-test: two factor
 With 20 panelists
Example 2: Yield of Lettuce Planted
in Pots Using Inorganic and Organic
Fertilizers
 Used 2 kinds of inorganic fertilizer
s as control and two kinds of
organic fertilizers as experimental
groups
Example 2:
 Measured weight of lettuce
Science Using Two Traditional
Methods and Two Modern Methods
 Two Traditional methods are the
control and the two Modern
methods are the Experimental
group
Example 3:
 Compared scores in science tests
4. Three-group design
 Design where there are three
groups of independent variables
Three-group design
Example 1: Effect of Using Hanging
Method, Staking Method and
Broadcasting Method in Culturing
Mussel (Mytilus edulis) in Brackish
Waters of Dipolog Bay and its
Vicinities
Three-group design
Example 1:
 Three methods of culturing
mussel (tahong) all independent
variables and weight of mussel
as dependent variable
Three-group design
Example 1:
 Different research stations
Three-group design
Physics Using Discovery Approach, U
nstructured Approach and La
boratory Method in Grade 12 St
udents at the Western Visayas Co
llege of Science and Technology
Three-group design
Example 2:
 The three methods of teaching are
independent variables and the
scores of students per method are
dependent variables.
5. Parallel-group design
 Design which consists of three or
more groups wherein one group i
s the control group with two or
more experimental groups
 The control group or parallel
group serves as the basis of the
experimental groups, which are
manipulated or changed.
5. Parallel-group design
 The experimental groups vary
Example 1: Effectiveness of Culturing

Grouper P. maculatus in Fish Cages
Using Pellets, Bread Meal, Shrimp
Meal and Fish Meal as Supplemental
Feeds
Parallel-group design
Example 1:
 Pellet is the control group or
parallel group and the
experimental groups are bread
meal, shrimp meal and fish meal
as supplemental feeds.
Example 1:
factor or F-test: two factor on the
mean weight of grouper
(lapu-lapu)
 Different research stations
Example 2: Effect of Planting Palay
Using Inorganic Fertilizer, Night Soil
and Chicken Dung as Organic
Fertilizers
 The control or parallel group is in
organic fertilizer and the
experimental groups are night soil
and chicken dung as organic fertili
zers
Example 2:
 Measured weight of palay
Mathematics Using a Traditional and
Two Modern Methods to Grade 7
Students at the Iloilo Central
Elementary School
Example 3:
 The Traditional method is the
control group and the two Modern
methods are the Experimental
group
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor
or F-test: two factor
 Compared scores in mathematics
tests
6. Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
 Also called rotation design
 Design involves two or more
treatments taken by the subjects
during the experiment
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
 The arrangement employed in this
design is the Latin square wherein
each variable is a form of square
occurring once in each row or
column.
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Example 1: Yield of Culturing
Kappaphycus Using Four Methods in
Four Research Stations in the
Marine Waters in Guimaras Island
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Example 1:
 Using Broadcasting Method M1;
hanging method M2; Staking
Method M3; and Lantay Method
M4 in four research stations R1 to
R4 and K is the Kappaphycus
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Example 1:
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Table 4.21
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Chemistry Using Three Methods of
Teaching Under Three Instructors to
Three Groups of BS Chemistry
Students at the University of Sto
Tomas
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Example 2:
 Students are exposed to one-and-
a-half months each to the three
methods of teaching chemistry
under three instructors per
method
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Example 2:
 Equal number of students with
almost the same mental ability
 M stands for the Method, I is the
Instructor and S for students
Counterbalanced or
Latin square design
Table 4.22
7. Complete randomized design
(CRD)
 Design in which the test plants or
test animals is studied once but
subsequent treatment is applied
to determine the cause of change
 There is no control in this design
but the subjects will undergo
randomization procedure
Complete randomized design (CRD)
Example 1:
Yield of Culturing Catfish
(C. batrachus) Using Shrimp Meal as
Supplemental Feed in the Fishpond
 Used 3,000 pieces of fingerlings
were placed in a pond, 1000 per
compartment
Complete randomized design (CRD)
Example 1:
 Different levels of feed
supplement per compartment,
10% 12% and 15%
mean weight of catfish
 Different samples
8. Randomized complete block
design (RCBD)
 Design uses a group of test plants
and test animals as subjects of the
study which are studies once but
subsequent treatments applied are
replicated to determine cause of
change.
8. Randomized complete block
design (RCBD)
 No control in this design but the
subjects undergo randomization
process
Randomized complete block design
(RCBD)
Example 1: Effect of Culturing
Prawn in Fishpond Using Fish Meal,
Bread Mill, Shrimp Meal and Fish
Silage as Supplemental Feeds
(RCBD)
 4 supplemental feeds with 3
replications hence 12
compartments was used
 Used 3,000 pieces of fingerlings
were placed in a pond, 1000 per
compartment
(RCBD)
mean weight of prawn (sugpo)
9. Correlational design
 Design is used to determine the
relationship between two
dependent variables, X and Y, on
how they are manipulated by the
independent variable
Correlational design
Example 1: Relationship Between the
weight (x) and Length (Y) of Mud
Crab (S. serrata) Cultured in the
Fishpond Using Bread Meal as
Supplemental Feed
Correlational design
Example 1:
 Independent variable
supplemental feed (bread meal);
dependent variables weight (x)
and Length (Y)
 30 mud crabs were studied
 Used Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient
Case Study Design
 It is a problem solving technique
that studies the past, present and
future,
 It is an intensive investigation of
a particular individual, institution, c
ommunity or any group c
onsidered as unit.
Usually applied by guidance counsel
ors, psychologists, educators, midwiv
Case Study Design
 Usually applied by guidance
counselors, psychologists,
educators, midwives, nurses and
physicians
Case Study Design
Steps
1. Recognition and determination of
the status of the phenomenon to
be investigated
2. Collection of data
3. Diagnosis or identification of the
causal factors as basis of remedia
l or developmental treatment
Case Study Design
Steps
4. Application of remedial or
adjustment measures
5. Subsequent follow-up to
determine the effectiveness of
corrective or developmental
measures applied.
Case Study Design
Example 1: Determine the
Mathematical Disability of the
Grade 12 Student
 Collect data through interview,
observation and tests
 Analyzes factors associated with
mathematical disability
Case Study Design
Example 1:
 Diagnose causal factors as basis
for remedial treatment
 Applies remedial measures to
remove cause of disability
 Subsequent Follow-up
End of Chapter 4 – Part II

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CHAPTER 4

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Example 1: Effectiveness of Culturing

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