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Statistics
Statistics
MEANING OF STATISTICS
• singular
• plural
• general
Statistics in singular sense refers to the
branch of mathematics which deals with
the systematic collection, tabulation,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of quantitative data which
are collected in methodical manner
without bias.
Statistics in its plural sense denotes
a set of quantitative data or facts.
Statistics in its general sense is divided into
statistical methods and statistical theory or
mathematical statistics
Statistical methods indicate those procedures
and techniques used in the collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
quantitative data.
Statistical theory or mathematical statistics
deals with the development and exposition of
theories with constitutes the bases of the
statistical methods
QUALITIES OF GOOD STATISTICIAN
• Scientific • Terrific
• Talented • Innovative
• Active • Creative
• Tenacious • Interpretative
• Inventive • Accurate
• Skillful • Noble
S T A T I S T I C I AN
FUNCTIONS OF STATISTICS
population The population is the age of all faculty members at the college.
sample A sample is any subset of that population. For example, we might select 10
faculty members and determine their age.
The variable is the “age” of each faculty member.
variable
One data would be the age of a specific faculty member.
data (singular)
The data would be the set of values in the sample.
data (plural).
The experiment would be the method used to select the ages forming the
experiment sample and determining the actual age of each faculty member in the sample.
parameter The parameter of interest is the “average” age of all faculty at the college.
statistic The statistic is the “average” age for all faculty in the sample.
Two kinds of variables:
Qualitative, or Attribute, or Categorical, Variable: A variable
that categorizes or describes an element of a population.
Note: Arithmetic operations, such as addition and averaging,
are not meaningful for data resulting from a qualitative
variable.
Quantitative, or Numerical, Variable: A variable that
quantifies an element of a population.
Note: Arithmetic operations such as addition and averaging,
are meaningful for data resulting from a quantitative variable.
Example: Identify each of the following examples as attribute (qualitative) or
numerical (quantitative) variables.
VARIABLE
QUALITITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all responses,
measurements, or counts that are of
interest)
Sample:
A subset of the population
Statistics is a tool for converting data into
information:
STATISTICS
Data Information
• PRIMARY DATA
• SECONDARY DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
• PRIMARY DATA – It means original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind.
It means someone collected the data from the original source first hand. Data collected this way is
called primary data.
• SECONDARY DATA – It is the data that has been already collected by and readily available from
other sources.
PRIMARY DATA
• SURVEY
It is the most commonly uses method in social sciences, management,
marketing and psychology to some extent.
• Interview
It is a face to face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, expensive, and
they take people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in – depth questioning
and follow – up questions
• Observation
In can be made in natural setting as well as in artificially created environment
• Questionnaire
These are a list of questions either an open – ended for which the
respondent give answers.
SECONDARY DATA
• Probability samples
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLES
• Random sampling
• Each subject has a known probability of being selected
• Allows application of statistical sampling theory to results
to:
• Generalise
• Test hypotheses
METHODS USED IN PROBABILITY SAMPLES
Drawing three names from a hat containing all the names of the
students in the class is an example of a simple random sample:
any group of three names is as equally likely as picking any other
group of three names.
Simple random sampling
Stratified
Random Sampling. . .
MALE: 75
FEMALE: 25 100
Sample: 20
75 25
75
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒= 𝑥 20 25
100 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒= 𝑥 20
100
1500
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒=
100
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒=15
𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 =5
Systematic sampling
Sampling fraction
Ratio between sample size and population size
•
where
k = Interval
N = Population Size
n = sample size
Systematic sampling
CLUSTER
SAMPLING. . .
A cluster sample is a simple random sample of groups or clusters of elements
(vs. a simple random sample of individual objects).
Cluster sampling may increase sampling error due to similarities among cluster
members.
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
EXAMPLE
The clinic teacher wants to determine the average height
and weight of the first year students. How can she
randomly select 50 students consisting of 250 male
students and 300 female students to represent the
population using (a) simple random
technique? (b) systematic random technique?(start at 5)
(c) stratified random technique?
The clinic teacher wants to determine the
average height and weight of the first year
students. How can she randomly select 50 Systematic random
b.
students consisting of 250 male students technique (start at 5)
and 300 female students to represent the
population using (a) simple random
technique? (b) systematic random
technique?(start at 5) (c) stratified random
technique?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, … , 550
Given 5 16 27 38 49 . . .
Male student: 250 c. Stratified random technique
Female student: 300
Sample size (n): 50 250 300
Total Population (N): 550
250 300
a. Simple random technique 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒= 𝑥 50 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒= 𝑥 50
550 550
Randomly select sample by the
use of draw lots. 12500 15000
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒= 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒=
550 550
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒=22
.73 ≈ 23 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒=27
. 27 ≈ 27
A researcher wants to know the average age of
teachers in a certain community. Fifty teachers
from the elementary and 25 teachers from the
secondary levels were interviewed for the
purpose. How will the researcher choose a
sample size of 20 using:
a. simple random sampling
b. systematic random sampling (start at 3)
c. stratified random sampling
A researcher wants to know the average age
of teachers in a certain community. Fifty
teachers from the elementary and 25 Systematic random
b.
teachers from the secondary levels were technique (start at 3)
interviewed for the purpose. How will the
researcher choose a sample size of 20 using:
a. simple random sampling
b. systematic random sampling (start at 3)
c. stratified random sampling
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, … , 75
Given 3 7 11 15 19 ...
elementary: 50 c. Stratified random technique
secondary: 25
Sample size (n): 20 50 25
Total Population (N): 75
50 25
a. Simple random technique 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝑥 20 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝑥 20
75 75
Randomly select sample by the
1000 500
use of draw lots. ¿ ¿
75 75
¿ 13 .33 ≈ 13 6.66
≈ 7
PRESENTATION OF
DATA
THREE FORMS
• TEXTUAL FORM
• TABULAR FORM
• GRAPHICAL FORM
TEXTUAL FORM
• This is the simplest method of presenting data when there
are few numbers to be presented.
Table 2.2. Performance of Instructors and Professors at the State Universities and Colleges in Region 1
(Ilocos Region)
• Table caption
• Stub
• Box heads
• Body of the table
TABLE CAPTION
This includes the table number and heading. The researcher usually use a double number for the tables
wherein the first number refers to the Chapter number and the second number refers to the number of
table in the Chapter.
Table 2.2. Performance of Instructors and Professors at the State Universities and Colleges in Region 1
(Ilocos Region)
STUB
This refers to the rows of the table which is found at the left.
Outstanding
Very Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Fairly Satisfactory
BOX HEADS
These are the headings within the box of the table wherein the data are emphasized.
this refers to the main part of the table containing the figures which are placed in columns aligned with the
box heads.
15 8.33
80 44.44
55 30.56
30 16.67
180 100.00
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TOTAL
𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒( %)= 𝑥 100
𝑁
EXAMPLE
Given data: Marital Status of certain individual.
SINGLE 25 55.56
WIDOW 6 13.33
MARRIED
TOTAL 14 31.11
45 100
Single Married Married Married Single
Widow Single Married Single Single
𝑛
Married Married Single Single Married (%)= 𝑥 10
𝑁
Married Single Single Married Single
Single Single Widow Widow Married 25
𝑥 100
45
Single Single Married Single Single 14
𝑥 100
6 45
Widow Widow Single Married Widow
𝑥 100
45
Married Single Single Married Single
Single Single Single Single Single
EXAMPLE
Given data: Year level of students in certain school.
Sophomore Junior Freshman Senior
Sophomore Senior Freshman Senior
Freshman Freshman Sophomore Junior
Junior Sophomore Junior Sophomore
Junior Senior Senior Junior
Senior Junior Sophomore Freshman
Sophomore Senior Senior Sophomore
Junior Sophomore Junior Freshman
Freshman Freshman Freshman Freshman
Sophomore Junior Freshman Senior
Sophomore Senior Freshman Senior
Freshman Freshman Sophomore Junior
Junior Sophomore Junior Sophomore
Junior Senior Senior Junior
Senior Junior Sophomore Freshman
Sophomore Senior Senior Sophomore
Junior Sophomore Junior Freshman
Freshman Freshman Freshman Freshman
CLASS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FRESHMAN 10 27.78
SOPHOMORE 9 25
JUNIOR 9 25
TOTAL SENIOR 8 22.22
36 100
NUMERICAL FREQUENCY TABLE
CLASS LIMIT Class Frequency Class Mark/ Cumulative RF %
(Integral) Boundaries Midpoint Frequency
(Real Limit) < >
TOTAL
PARTS OF FREQUENCY TABLE
•
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
•
Ages of children in a community 5 13 8 6 13 10 5 13 15 16
Stem, LEAF 8 12 15 10 12 16 12 9 3 7
0 2,3,3,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,
9,9,9 11 15 11 7 15 2 13 5 9 12
1 0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,
3,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,7,8,8,8,8,9 13 9 12 9 9 14 12 11 19 13
Claas Width
RANGE 16 18 3 13 18 10 15 14 18 11
HV – LV
19 – 2
17 C= 10 12 6 9 5 17 9 6 9 18
80 80
70
F 60
R 55
E
Q 50
U
E 40
N
C 30 30
Y
20
15
10
0
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory
Figure 2.1. Performance of Instructors and Professors at the State Universities and Colleges in Region 1
(Ilocos Region)
BAR GRAPH
80
70
F 60
R
E
Q 50
U
E 40 80
N
C 30
Y 55
20
30
10
15
0
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory
Figure 2.2. Performance of Instructors and Professors at the State Universities and Colleges in Region 1
(Ilocos Region)
CIRCLE GRAPH
15
30
Outstanding
Very Satisfactory
Satisfactory
55 80 Fairly Satisfactory
Figure 2.3. Performance of Instructors and Professors at the State Universities and Colleges in Region 1
(Ilocos Region)
PICTOGRAPH
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
Figure 2.5. Daily Profit of Fish Value – Added Products for Five Days
HISTOGRAM