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Atom and Molecule: Teaching Team in General Chemistry
Atom and Molecule: Teaching Team in General Chemistry
Teaching Team
In General Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
University of Jember
Learning Outcome
17th Century
• Robert Boyle: First “chemist” to perform quantitative experiments
18th Century
• George Stahl: Phlogiston flows out of a burning material.
• Joseph Priestley: Discovers oxygen gas, “dephlogisticated air”
Fundamental Law: Law conservation of Mass
5 kg 1 kg 4 kg 2 kg
Atomic Theory: Dalton (1808)
• Elements are made of extremely small particles
called atoms.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and other
properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass and
other properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number
ratios to form chemical compounds. (Law Multiple
Proportion)
• In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated or
rearranged. The atoms themselves are not changed in a
chemical reaction.
“Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion.”
- Democritus 460–370 B.C.
Atomic Theory: Dalton (1808)
Dalton's theory lead to:
• 1 gram hydrogen + 8 gram of
oxygen water
• He assumed that water formula is
"OH" and the mass of hydrogen is
"1" and of oxygen is "8".
• Using the same concepts, Dalton's
proposed the first table of atomic
masses. It has been proved later
that Dalton's table contain
incorrect.
Sizes of Atoms
Atom is Divisible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUpD62r2wq8
Millikan’s Experiment (1909): Massa Elektron
Most a
Very few of particles
the a particles go straight
do not go through
through
Some a
particles go
through, but
are deflected
Atomic
mass
Review
• What is the atomic number of boron, B? 5
• What is the atomic mass of silicon, Si? 28.09 amu
• How many protons does a chlorine atom have? 17
• How many electrons does a neutral neon atom have? 10
• Will an atom with 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons
be electrically neutral? Yes
• Will an atom with 27 protons, 32 neutrons, and 27
electrons be electrically neutral? Yes
• Will an Na atom with 10 electrons be electrically neutral?
No
Isotopes
• All isotopes of an element are chemically identical.
• Undergo the exact same chemical reactions.
• All isotopes of an element have the same number of protons.
• Isotopes of an element have different masses.
• Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons.
• Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers.
• Protons + neutrons.
Isotopes
• Atomic Number.
Number of protons.
Z
• Mass Number
= Protons + Neutrons.
Whole number.
A
Percent natural abundance = Relative amount found
in a sample.
Neon
Percent
Number of Number of A, mass natural
Symbol protons neutrons number abundance
Ne-20 or 10 10 20 90.48%
Ne-21 or 10 11 21 0.27%
Ne-22 or 10 12 22 9.25%
Example 4.8—How Many Protons and Neutrons Are in an Atom of
?
Solution:
Z = 24 = # p+ A = Z + # n0
52 = 24 + # n0
28 = # n0
Check: For most stable isotopes, n0 > p+.
Practice—Complete the Following Table
Mass Number
Solution:
Exercise:
1. What is the experimental percent of oxygen in CO2 if 42.0 gram of
carbon reacted completely with 112.0 gram of oxygen?
2. How many grams of copper will combine with 62.75 gram of oxygen
to produce CuO?
Law of Multiple Proportion
The ratio of the masses of oxygen in H2O and H2O2 will be a small
whole number (“2”)
Law of Multiple Proportion
2
Law of Multiple Proportion
Another Example:
The ratio of the masses of oxygen in Cr2O3 and CrO3 will be
a small whole number.
Cr2O3 contains 2.167 g Cr/ g of Oxygen
CrO3 contains 1.083 g Cr/ g of Oxygen
The ratio is 2.167/1.083 = 2:1
Law of Multiple Proportion
Compound A 1.750 g
Compound B 0.8750 g
Compound C 0.4375 g