Professional Documents
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SYSTEM
● Nervous & endocrine systems interact to control and coordinate the body’s
activities
●Classification:
1. Amino-acid based: amines, peptides, polypeptides, proteins
- bind to specific receptors in the target cell membrane
- binding initiate chemical reactions that alter the target cell’s metabolism
2. Steroid –
- released by ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex
- penetrate target cell’s membranes & interact directly with genes in
nucleus to alter metabolism
Mechanisms of hormone actions:
● Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or organs)
● Target cells must have specific protein receptors
● Hormone-binding alters cellular activity
Hypothalamus
● Major endocrine glands: Pineal gland
● Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
● Pituitary gland Thyroid gland
● Pineal gland Parathyroid glands
● Homeostatic imbalance:
-Hypersecretion of catecholamines: tachycardia, hypertension,
irritability, excessive sweating (hyperhydrosis)
● PINEAL GLAND: location- posterior diencephalon
- secretes melatonin ( secretions follow a 24-hour cycle)
- melatonin levels rises at night and falls around mid-day
- high levels promote drowsiness
- help set the body’s internal clock
● Homeostatic imbalance:
- Sterility: hyposecretion of LH or FSH
Pancreatic islets
- Islet of Langerhans: endocrine tissues scattered among exocrine tissue
- Islet cells: act as fuel sensors
● INSULIN: produced by beta cells of islets
- reduces blood glucose (increases ability of cells to import glucose)
(by stimulating uptake of glucose inside cells & promote storage of glucose in liver as glycogen)
- stimulus: high blood glucose levels
- hypoglycemic: lowers blood glucose
● OXYTOCIN:
- released only during childbirth and nursing
- stimulates powerful contraction of uterine muscle during
sexual relations, labor and breastfeeding
- stimulates mammary glands to release milk during breastfeeding
(letdown reflex)
Posterior lobe hormones
● ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH): vasopressin
- diuresis= urine production
- antidiuresis= inhibit or prevents urine production
- targets kidneys and helps body to maintain its water balance
- increases return of water to blood during urine production resulting
to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume
- larger amounts increases BP by constriction of small arteries