PARTS OF SPEECH, B2 level

Review
 NOUNS and PRONOUNS
• NOUNS: Jon, Mary, table, book, universe...
– Saxon genitive: Mary’s book, Jon’s father...
– Norman genitive: the leg of the table...
• PRONOUNS:
PERSONAL (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, objective
case – me, you, him, her, it, us, them)
POSSESSIVE (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)
REFLEXIVE (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, themselves)
 NOUNS and PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE (somebody, someone, something,
anybody, anyone, anything)
UNIVERSAL (everybody, everyone, everything)
NEGATIVE (nobody, no one, nothing)
INTERROGATIVE (who, what)
RELATIVE (who, which, that)
DEMONSTRATIVE (this, that, these, those) – can
act as demonstrative adjectives as well
 Possessive pronouns and adjectives!
• Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers,
its, ours, theirs
• Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its,
our, their
• The book is mine. The boyfriend is hers…
(possessive PRONOUNS)
• my book, my boyfriend, your letter, his lunch…
(possessive ADJECTIVES)
 VERBS
• Lexical Verbs: jump, run, swim, love, hate…
• Auxiliary verbs: be, do, have
• Modal verbs: will, shall, would, should, can,
could, may, might, must…
• Infinitive: bare and full (‘to’ infinitive)
• Modal verb + bare infinitive:
 I will help you.
 Mike can swim very fast.
Infinitives:
present – I must do it.
pass. It must be done.
progressive – He must be studying now.
pass. The PC must be being repaired
at the moment.
perfect – He must have lost his key.
pass. It must have been written ages
ago.
perfect progressive – He must have been
studying when we called on him.
*pass. The work must have been
being created for years. [rarely used]
 TENSES
• Present Simple (I work/he works, do, does)
• Present Continuous (I am working/he is working/they are
working)
• Past Simple (worked/saw, did)
• Past Continuous (was/were working)
• Present Perfect Simple (have/has worked/seen)
• Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been working)
• Past Perfect Simple (had worked/seen)
• Past Perfect Continuous (had been working)
• Future Simple (will work)
• Future Continuous (will be working)
 PARTICIPLES
• Present participle (-ing):
– I am talking to Jim right now.
– Jim was reading the paper while I was washing
the dishes.
• Past participle (-ed or 3rd column):
– Ben had worked in the US before he moved to
Canada.
– I have seen that guy before.
 -ING forms
• Gerunds (like nouns): dancing shoes (shoes
used for dancing)
• Present participles (like verbs): dancing bear
(a bear which is dancing)
– I like swimming. Swimming is nice. I am never
tired of swimming. (gerund)
– He is swimming. The swimming contestant is
good.
 ADJECTIVES
• Comparison of adjectives

positive comparative superlative

Synthetic smart smarter the smartest

more the most

Analytic beautiful
beautiful beautiful
 ADVERBS
• Comparison of adverbs

positive comparative superlative

nicely more nicely most nicely

Analytic
more most
beautifully
beautifully beautifully
 ADVERBS
• Adverbs: slowly, nicely, well…
• Adverbs of frequency: never, ever, always, usually,
sometimes, often…
• Adjectives and adverbs: hard, wrong, fast…
– He works hard. (adverb)
– That is a hard question. (adjective)
– What went wrong with their business? (adverb)
– His answer is wrong. (adjective)
– Brad drives fast. (adverb)
– Brad is a fast driver. (adjective)
– He is not strong enough to win this fight. (adverb)
– I don’t have enough money to buy that dress. (adjective)
Relative adverbs (as part of relative
clauses):
The place where I was born was small.
Tell me about the time when he was poor.
 CLAUSES and SENTENCES
• Time clauses: When I was I child, I spent the summers at
my grandparents’.
• Relative clauses: The man who was looking for you is here
again.
Defining (+ contact), non-defining, co-ordinate
• 1st cond.: If you ask him, he will help you.
• 2nd cond.: If you asked him, he would help you.
• 3rd conditional
• Concession clauses
• Adverbial clauses of degree
 OTHER
• Numbers: one, two, three (cardinal); first, second,
third (ordinal)
• Prepositions: at, in, on, by, between, among, with,
under, over… despite
• Conjunctions: and, or, but, if… although
• Articles:
– Indefinite: a/an
– Definite: the
– Zero
THE END