WEED AND

FORAGE
DISEASES
Allan Mitra Francisco

CONTROL
Weed is a plant considered undesirable in a
particular situation, “a plant in the wrong
place”.

Weed
Weed species are either broad leaf or grassy
type.
Example of broadleaf weeds
 Clover
 Dandelion
 purslane

Example of grassy weeds

 Nutsedge
 Pampas grass
 bermuda
BROADLEAF
WEEDS
Clover

Common name for any of several related plants of the legume family.
Most are native to north temperate and subtropical regions. Some trail along the
ground and others reach a height of 91 cm (36 in). The flowers, ranging in
color from white to red and purple, are borne in dense heads. The leaves are normally three-
lobed, but occasional four-lobed specimens are found, which are thought to bring good luck.
Included in the genus are both annual and perennial species.
Clovers are important as hay and pasture plants. They are also used as soil enrichers. The
most common clover in pastures is red clover, introduced from Europe. Alsike clover, a
perennial with an erect stem and a rosy flower, is favored for hay and on soils of poor
fertility. The familiar white clover is excellent for pasturage but is seldom used as hay
because the yield is small. It is often found in lawn-grass mixtures.
Many species of clover must be cross-fertilized by the pollen carried by insects, particularly
bees. The red-clover nectar is so deep in the flower that it is pollinated only by bumblebees.
Dandelion

Common name for stem less perennial or biennial herbs of the

composite flower family, especially the common dandelion. The species has long
taproots, rosettes of deeply incised lanceolate leaves, and flat flower heads containing bright
yellow florets on hollow, stem like stalks. The root of the common dandelion contains a
substance used as a laxative; the root is also roasted and ground as a substitute or adulterant
for coffee. The leaves are used for salad greens and potherbs, and the flowers are sometimes
used for making wine. It is occasionally cultivated, especially in Europe, but is found chiefly
as a persistent weed in all temperate regions. The red-seeded dandelion is similar to the
common species, but is smaller, with reddish seeds and darker down. A Russian species has
some importance as a source of latex.

Scientific classification: Dandelions belong to the family Asteraceae (formerly

Compositae). The common dandelion is classified as Taraxacum officinale, the red-seeded
dandelion as Taraxacum erythrospermum, and the Russian species that is a source of latex as
Taraxacum kok-saghyz.
Purslane

Creeping, succulent, annual plant of the portulaca family, also called

little hogweed. Purslane is distributed widely throughout tropical regions and
also grows in the northern and eastern United States. Purslane has small
yellow flowers and narrow leaves. It is often considered a weed because it
grows quickly, can withstand drought, and its seeds stay viable for a long
time.

Scientific classification: Purslane is a member of the family Portulacaceae. It is classified as

Portulaca oleracea.
GRASSY
WEEDS
NUTSEDGE

Common name for a family of grasslike flowering plants with characteristically triangular stems. The
family is worldwide in distribution but is particularly abundant in wet, marshy areas of the temperate and
subarctic zones, where it is ecologically important in binding and stabilizing soils.The family contains about
115 genera and 3600 species.
Members of the sedge family typically possess a rhizome, a rootlike underground stem out of which grows a
tuft of basal leaves. The leaf bases expand into sheaths that entirely close around the stem. The stem itself is
usually unbranched and leafless, with a cluster of inconspicuous flowers at its tip. Each flower is borne in a
single bract (modified leaf) and has either no perianth (floral envelope) or one reduced to a series of scales or
bristles rather than showy petals. Sedges are generally distinguished from grasses by their triangular stems and
by leaves with closed sheaths.

Scientific classification: Sedges make up the family Cyperaceae. Bulrushes belong to the genus Scirpus. The
paper reed is classified as Cyperus papyrus. The sedge species used for hay and packing materials are classified
in the genus Carex, and cotton grass in the genus Eriophorum.
PAMPAS GRASS

Common name for about 20 species of showy, tall, perennial, subtropical

grasses. A well-known species, Uruguayan pampas grass, is grown for its
whitish, fluffy plumes. Native to South America, this grass can grow up to 6 m
(20 ft) high. It grows in large clumps and the flowering stem is crowned with
graceful plumes of white flowers.

Scientific classification: Pampas grass is a member of the family Poaceae

(formerly Gramineae). Uruguayan pampas grass is classified as Cortaderia
selloana.
BERMUDA

Another economically significant use of grasses is for the lawns maintained in many

parts of the world. Perennial grasses are well adapted for use in lawns because their basal
meristems (growing points) are not lost with mowing. Widely grown in the northern United
States are Kentucky bluegrass (actually a native of Europe), bent grasses, and fescue.
Bermuda grass and zoysia are better adapted to the warm conditions of the southern states.
Often special grasses are used where particular conditions of soil or exposure make the more
common species unsuitable. For example, buffalo grass is used where watering is restricted,
as in the Great Plains region, and carpet grass may be used on poorly drained soils.
Occasionally, annual grasses such as redtop are used to establish a lawn in a short time, but
they often persist, compete with the perennial grasses, and become unsightly.
Forage

Forage is compose of plant leaves and stems

mostly eaten by grazing animals. It can be
herbaceous, legumes, shrubs or tree legumes.
FORAGE DISEASES
 The economic impacts of a ruined crop
can significantly impact on farm’s profits
for the year, therefore trying to prevent the
spread of diseases is obviously high up on
farmer’s priority list. Chemicals such as
pesticides, or artificial fertilizers are the
most commonly used protection (or in
exceptional cases cure) from diseases and
pests. There are however many other ways
of managing and preventing disease.
DISEASE CONTROL
MANAGEMENT
THANK YOU.