CHAPTER 3: INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

HERRERA – GARCIA – ROBRIGADO
Intellectual Revolutions
Reporter: HERRERA, Mary Jaycel L.
 Intellectual Revolutions
 Intellectual revolution is a term used to Greek speculation about nature in the
period Before Socrates 600- 400 BCE.
 It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs
that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where
challenged and opposed.
 Before the work of Copernicus,
principles of classical astronomy
involving the four elements, namely
earth, water, air, and fire were
followed.
Alexander Ptolemy (Egypt)

 Modeled the movements of

the Sun, the Moon, and the
five known planets (Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn) in the skies to great
accuracy, with a geocentric
system of orbits and epicycles.
GEOCENTRIC
GEOCENTRIC

Aristotle believe that

the earth is the true
center off all the orbs
carrying the heavenly
bodies around it and all
motions are uniform
and unchanging (Khun
1957)
Copernican

 Nicolaus Copernicus was a

mathematician and an astronomer
who proposed that the sun was
stationary in the center of the
universe in the earth revolve around
it. (Khun, 1985)
COPERNICAN

 Between 1508 and 1514,

Copernicus adopted the
heliocentric model where he
proved the idea that the sun
is the center of the solar
system (Koestler, 1989).
Copernican (Heliocentric)

 The sun centered concept was

considered a radical idea during that
time and most of the contemporary
astronomers adopted the Greek earth
centered model (Gingerich, 2004).
Darwian

 Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is

widely held notion at all living
organisms are related and have
descended from a common ancestor.
Darwin's general theory presumes the
development of life from non life and
stresses a purely naturalistic descent
with modification (Behe 1996).
Darwinian

 The animals that do survive

and produce are better
adapted than other organisms.
The better adapted species is,
the more fitted it is to
produce; reproduction rates
Evolution of Man by Charles Darwin
refer to survival of the fittest
(Orr, 2009)
 Freudian

Sigmund Freud is the

father of
psychoanalysis and one
of the 20th century's
most influential
thinkers.
Freudian

 Sigmund Freud structural theory of

personality emphasizes the role of
unconscious psychological conflicts
in shaping behavior and personality.
There is a result of the interactions
among three component parts of
the mind: the id, ego and superego
(Friedman and Schustack 2011)
Freudian

Id is made up of unconscious psychic energy that works

to satisfy basic urges needs and desires. It is the only part
of the personality that is present at birth and that these
primitive component of personality existed wholly within
the unconscious.
Ego mediates the demand of the id the superego and the
reality. prevents people from acting on their basic urges
created by the superego. The ego operates based on the
reality principle, which works to satisfy the ids desire in a
manner that is realistic and socially appropriate. It is less
primitive than it is partly conscious and partly
unconscious.
Freudian

Superego is composed of people internalized ideas

acquired from parents and society. Superego works to
suppress the urges of id and tries to make the ego behave
morally rather than realistically aside from the morals and
values that people have learn from their parents, the ideas
that contribute to the formation of the superego also
include ideas right and wrong that they acquire from
society and the culture in which they live in (Meyers, 2007).
Information Revolution
Reporter: ROBRIGADO, Irish Kayl E.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION

Information revolution accompanied the

history of mankind and began as early
as 3000 BC with Sumerian pictographs.
Some of the milestone of the
information revolution are Gutenberg’s
invention of the printing press in 1455,
the work of Agusta and Babbge on
Analytic Engine in the early 1830s, the
intervention of the first telephone
during 1870s, and turing’s work during
World War II (Newman,1955) .
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION

 Mesoamerica was a region and cultural area in

the Americas , extending from approximately
central Mexico to Belize, Guatamela, El
Salvado, Honduras , Nicaragua, and Northen
Costa Rica and was where pre- Columbian
societies flourish before the Spanish
Colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries
(Oxford,2002).
 MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION

 Archaeologist have dated Human

presence in Mesoamerica to
possibly as early as 21,000 BCE. By
11,000 BCE hunting and gathering
communities occupied most of the
Mesoamerica civilization
contributed greatly in terms of
agriculture.
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION

As early as 700 BC, the Cultivation

of cacao, corn , beans, tomato,
squash, and chili as well as the
domestication of turkey and a
dog made a transition from Paleo-
Indian hunter gatherer tribal
grouping to the organization of
sedentary agricultural villages.
ASIAN CIVILIZATION

Asia bore two of the world’s

great early civilizations; one
from India and the other from
China
ASIAN CIVILIZATION
 Civilization arose in the
Indus Valley.

 People used weapons and

utensils made of bronze
and copper.
The region served as
birthplace of two world’s
known religions, namely
Hinduism and Buddhism.
 ASIAN CIVILIZATION
Hinduism was based on the four sacred books
called Vedas which hold the records of Indian
History and beliefs
Buddhism embraces followers who praised Buddha
(meaning “the Enlightened One”) who is in the person of
Siddharta Gautama, a wanderer who believed that the
human greed and selfishness lead to human pain
Middle East Revolution
Reporter: GARCIA, Jackie G.
Middle East Civilization
 It was considered as the home to
the “Cradle of Civilization” where
many of the world’s oldest
cultures and civilization were
seen.
 It was the first to practice
intensive year-round agriculture
and currency mediated trade as
opposed to barter.
MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
 It gave the rest of the world the
first writing system, invented
the potter’s wheel, vehicular
and mill wheel, as well as laying
the foundation for astronomy
and mathematics.
However, its empires also
introduced rigid social
stratification, slavery, and
organized warfare (Wawro, 2008).
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
The inventions of writing
was considered as one
of the most important
inventions between the
advent and agriculture
and the age of the steam
engine. Ancient writing
evolved from pictures
baked on clay tablets in
the Middle East.
African Civilization

 The oldest of the continents,

containing the earliest remains
of man, and the birthplace of
European Civilization is the last
to be explored.
 The history of ancient Africa is
just interesting, complex, and
sophisticated as any other
ancient civilization.
 AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
The lineage and culture of achievements have emerged there at least
40,000 years ago. Some of these were in the field of:
 Mathematics
 Astronomy
 Metallurgy and tools
 Agriculture and Engineering
 Navigation
 Medicine
 AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
The African empire of Egypt developed a vast array of diverse structures and great
architectural monuments along the Nile, the largest and the most famous of which are the
Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
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