Semiconductor

Presented by:

John Mark Abuan

John Emmanuel Balgos
Early History & Development of Semiconductor

 The birth history of semiconductors can be followed back to

the development of the rectifier (AC-DC converter) in 1874.
 1904: Two-electrode vacuum tube is invented
 1946: World's first general-purpose computer ENIAC is
announced
 1948: Junction-type transistor is invented
 1957: Esaki diode is invented
 1980: Flash memory is invented
 1991: Carbon nanotube is discovered
Semiconductor
 A substance that has the properties between an
insulator and a conductor.
 Materials that have a medium-sized band gap between
atoms thus environmental or material factor were needed
to push the atoms so that the current will flow.
Doping Process in Semiconductor

• Doping means the introduction of impurities into a

semiconductor crystal to the defined modification of
conductivity.
N- Doping:
The dopants are
positively charged by the
loss of negative charge
carriers and are built into
the lattice, only the
negative electrons can
move.
• P-Doping:
The dopant is fixed in
the crystal lattice, only
the positive charges can
move. Due to positive holes
these semiconductors are
called p-conductive or p-
doped.
Properties of
Semiconductor
 The conductivity of pure semiconductor rises exponentially with
temperature. At lower temperature a smaller concentration of
impurities is required in order to ensure this condition.
 The conductivity in an impure semiconductor depends strongly
on the impurity concentration.
 The conductivity is changed by irradiation with light or high-
energy electrons o by injection of carriers from a suitable
metallic contact.
 Depending on the kind of doping the charge transport may be
either by electrons or by so-called positive holes.
 Most commonly used materials of
Semiconductors

• Germanium – is the most • Silicon – Most common used

extensively used in the semiconductor in the
early years of semiconductor industry in the present
technology. time.
 Two types of Semiconductor

• Intrinsic Semiconductor – • Extrinsic Semiconductor -

This is the pure form of a There are intentionally
semiconductor. added impurities to make it
more conductive.
Importance of Semiconductor
• Semiconductors are the foundation and the seeds of
modern-day electronics, such as radio,
computer/laptops, phones and even smart watches,etc.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Semiconductor

 Semiconductor diode doesn’t require warm  Semiconductor diode cannot

up time for operation. withstand high reverse voltage.
 Semiconductor diode is cheaper as
compared to vacuum tubes.
 It has poor response.
 This is very important in high frequency  It has reverse saturation
application. current.
 Small in size and lighter weight.  In high frequency rang Noise
 Less power consumption. level is higher in semiconductor
 It operates at low voltage. device.
 In the wiring it can be easily
incorporated.
 This cannot be done with vacuum tubes.
 It has a long life and is robust in
construction.
 Connection of Semiconductors in Material Science

• Everything is made of something. Materials scientists investigate how

materials perform and why they sometimes fail. By understanding the
structure of matter, from atomic scale to millimeter scale, they
invent new ways to combine chemical elements into materials with
unprecedented functional properties
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Presented by:

John Mark Abuan

John Emmanuel Balgos