Think of word that best

describe you, constract

a 4-5 sentences why?
Be ready to recite it.
1
Language and Oral
Communication
 What is language?

A language is a structured
system of communication used
by humans, based on speech
and gesture, sign, or often
writing. 

3
 What is communication?
• is a process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts,
media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
• Communication can be expressed through
written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal),
or both spoken words and nonverbal actions
at the same time.
4
 What is oral communication?

is communicating with spoken

words. It's a verbal form of
communication where you
communicate your thoughts,
present ideas and share
information. 
5
Ela requested her husband deposit $100 for the
electricity bill while talking to her husband on
a smartphone. At the same time, her son watched a
cartoon video on Television with the volume on high.
Therefore, her husband could not understand exactly
how much needs to pay for the electricity bill. So, she
repeated the same words to confirm him. Consequently,
her husband asked about the due date of paying the
electricity bill, and she replied that today was the last
date to pay the electricity bill without penalty. In the
meantime, she showed her angry face to her son to
reduce TV volume. Instantly, her son reduced the
volume. 6
 ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION

1. Speaker – is a person who sends

the message to the receiver. The
speaker is also known as the encoder
of the message. The speaker initiates
the communication process and starts
the procedure by sending a message
or information. 
7
 “
For example, Ela is the sender and encoder
who sends messages to communicate with her
husband. The sender is the person who sends
the message to share with others. So, Ela is the
sender also an element of the communication
process.

8
2. Message – The message refers to the
information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought,
attitude, and view that the sender wants to
deliver to the receiver.  The message seems
like a key element of any communication
process. Any communication conveys the
message, also known as sharing ideas,
opinions, thoughts, and information. 

9
2. Message – The message refers to the
information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought,
attitude, and view that the sender wants to
deliver to the receiver.  The message seems
like a key element of any communication
process. Any communication conveys the
message, also known as sharing ideas,
opinions, thoughts, and information. 

10
For example, Ela was speaking to convey a
message that indicates verbal
communication.  She also showed her angry
face to her son to reduce the volume of TV
called non-verbal communication.

11
3. Encoding - means transforming abstract
opinions and ideas into symbols such as words,
pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might
represent or indicate opinions, statements, and
actions. In contrast, decoding is the process of
transforming the symbol into an idea or
thought. Encoding is the process of
transformation of the subject into symbols. The
encoding process is related to the sender and
receiver.
12
For example, Ela has converted his thought into
words to convey the message to her husband
called encoding. Here, converting thought into
words is the process of encoding. Words serve as
the spoken communication symbol. She called her
husband and uttered some words to share an
opinion as well as send the message.

13
4. Channel – is the way or tool of
transmitting the message. It is also known
as a medium in communication that conveys
the message from sender to receiver. 
Communicators use different channels to
communicate in a distinct context of
communication. In face-to-face
communication, the sender’s senses, such
as hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and
tasting, are the channel of transferring the
information. It is also one of the important
elements of the communication process.
14
For example, Ela has transmitted the
message through a smartphone, so the
smartphone is the channel of the
communication process. She uses
technology to convey messages; therefore, it
is called mediated communication.

15
5. Decoding – is “the process of” translating an
encoded symbol into the ordinary understandable
language in contrast to the encoder. In this
process, the receiver converts the symbols into
thoughts received from the sender.  Decoding is
the opposite process of encoding to get the
meaning of the message.

16
For example, Ela has transformed his
thought into words to convey the message to
her husband called encoding. At the same
time, her husband converts those words into
thought to understand the message that is the
process of decoding.

17
6. Receiver – is a person for whom the
message is targeted in contrast to the
sender. Therefore, the receiver is the
audience of the communication process that
decodes the message to perceive the
meaning. The sender surely sends a
message aimed at the receiver. Receivers
can be one person or a group of people or a
big amount of population.

18
For example, Ela has sent the message
targeted at her husband to whom she wants
to communicate. Hence, her husband is the
receiver in this context of the
communication.

19
7. Feedback – refers to the response of the receiver or
audience. It is one of the main elements of the
effective communication process as it allows the
sender to analyze the efficacy of the message. It also
helps the sender in confirming the correct
interpretation of the message by the decoder.
Feedback may be verbal (through words) or non-
verbal (in the form of smiles, sighs, etc.).  It may take
written form also in the form of memos, reports, etc.

20
For example, Ela’s husband asked about the
due date of paying the electricity bill.

21
8. Context – refers to the environment of
communication in which the interaction
happens or takes place. Communication
context is the prime element of every
communication process that controls the
communication process among senders and
receivers. This context may be physical,
historical, psychological, social, chronological,
or cultural. 

22
For example, Ela is talking to her husband
informally, so she feels very comfortable.
Therefore, the social context has been
designed from this communication process.
The context will be physical-context if they
communicate face to face.

23
9. Barrier – refers to the communication
barrier or obstacles to effective
communication. It is also known as
communication noise or noise in
communication. Noise is an unwanted
element of the communication process that
communicators always want to avoid during
the interaction.

24
For example, Ela’s son watches a cartoon
video on Television with the volume on high
when talking to her husband. The sound of
the cartoon video bars Ela from listening to
her husband’s speech, so it is an example of
a communication barrier or communication
noise or communication distraction.

25
26
MAJOR FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal Communication - This refers

to communication that centers on one person
where the speaker acts both as the sender and
the receiver of
message.

27
• You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a
student from the other class talked to you on the
way home and you decided it probably meant
nothing.
• You felt happy while thinking about how your
teacher appreciated you for submitting your project
before the due date and you reflected on why this
was so.

28
Interpersonal Communication – This refers to
communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and
among them.

29
Dyadic Communication - This
refers to communication that
occurs between
two people.

30
• You offered feedback on the
speech performance of your
classmate.
• You provided comfort to a friend
who was feeling down.

31
Small Group Communication -
This refers to communication that
involves at least three but not more
than twelve people engaging in a
face-to-face interaction
to achieve a desired goal.

32
• You are participating in an
organizational meeting which aims to
address the concerns of your fellow
students.
• You are having a discussion with
your group mates on how to finish the
assigned tasks.

33
Public Communication - This type
refers to communication that requires
you to deliver or send the message
before or in front of a group.

34
• You deliver a graduation speech to
your Batch.
• You participate in a declamation,
oratorical, or debate contest watched
by a number of people.

35
Mass Communication - This refers to
communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet,
and other types of media.

36
• You deliver a graduation speech to your
Batch.
• You participate in a declamation,
oratorical, or debate contest watched by a
number of people.

37
___________1. Guidance counselor and student in a
counselling session.
___________2. A poet writing a poem
___________3. A pianist trying to find the right keys for
a song.
___________4. Employee convincing his boss that he
deserves a salary increase.
___________5. Basketball coach signaling to a player.

38
 Aspects of
Communication

39
 “
Verbal communication which requires language.
A language is a system of arbitrary signals, such
as voice sounds, gestures or written symbols
which communicate thoughts or feelings

40
◎ Nonverbal communication, which does not need
language to exchange one's thoughts. Silence is the best
example. In certain contexts, silence can convey its own
meaning, e.g., reverence, indifference, emotional
coldness, rudeness, thoughtfulness, humility,
aggressiveness. Silent communication shows more
emotion than verbal. Nonverbal communication
includes gestures, body language, signs, symbols etc.

41
 “
Three Elements of Non-
Verbal Aspect

42
Nonlinguistic
• Kinesics -language of the body
• Proxemics -language of space
• Chronemics -language of time
• Haptics -language of touch
• Olfactics -language of smell
• Artefactual -language of objects

43
Paralinguistic
• Volume - Loudness or softness of the voice.
• Speed of voice - The pace with which something is
spoken.
• Intonation - Rise and Fall in voice.
• Tone of voice - Feelings added while speaking.
• Pronunciation - The manner in which a word is uttered.
• Articulation - Clarity in the voice.
• Pause - A break taken while speaking.
• Punctuation Marks - The use of conventional symbols
and spacing in communication

44
Metalinguistic – The abstract element that takes place in
the mind of communicators – their awareness of the
component units of language – sound, words, phrases and
sentences.

45
 BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION

46
• The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.
• Emotional barriers and taboos.
• Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
• Differences in perception and viewpoint.
• Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
• Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
• Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar
accents.
• Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or
stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what
is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.
• Cultural differences.

47
Barriers to Communication by
Category
• Language Barriers
• Psychological Barriers
• Physiological Barriers
• Physical Barriers
• Attitudinal Barrier

48
 You are invited to be a
quest speaker in a webinar
and the topic is all about
“Pandemic”

49