STRUT-AND-TIE MODELING OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE

SHANZA SAQIB
CE-017
 INTRODUCTION

• Studs and tie modelling (STM) is a simple method which effectively

expressed complex stress patterns as triangulated models. STM is
most commonly used to design regions of structural components
disturbed by a load or any geometric discontinuity. It is usually
adopted to design non-standard elements or parts of elements of
concrete structures such as piles cap, deep beams or beams with
holes etc.
• Load and geometric discontinuities cause a nonlinear distribution of
strains to develop within the surrounding region.
• As a result, plane sections can no longer be assumed to remain
plane within the region disturbed by the discontinuity. Sectional
design methodologies are predicated on traditional beam theory,
including the assumption that plane sections remain plane, and are
not appropriate for disturbed regions, or D-regions.
• When designing a D-region using STM, the complex flow of forces through a
structural component is first simplified into a truss model, known as a strut-
and-tie model.

• In below figure, struts are denoted by dashed lines, while ties are denoted
by solid lines.
 APPLICATION

• Concrete structural elements can be divided into two

general regions: flexural regions (Bernoulli or B-regions)
and regions near discontinuities (Disturbed or D-
regions).
• A discontinuity in the stress distribution occurs at an
abrupt change in the geometry of a structural element
(geometric discontinuities), at a concentrated load or
reaction (loading or statically discontinuities), or a
combination of the two (loading and geometric
discontinuities). St. Venant’s principle indicates that the
stress due to axial load and bending approach a linear
distribution at a distance approximately equal to the
maximum cross-sectional dimension of a member, h, in
both directions, away from a discontinuity. Figure shows
an illustration of St. Venant’s principle.
 Figure 02 Figure 03

For this reason discontinuities are assumed to extend a distance h

from the section where the load or change in geometry occurs.
Figure 3 illustrates examples of discontinuities with the resulting D-
regions shaded.
 CONCEPTS OF STUDS AND TIES

ELEMENTS OF A STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL

A strut-and-tie model is comprised of three primary elements:

1. Struts,
2. Ties, and
3. Nodes.
An illustration of the different components using a deep beam example is
shown in Figure 04

FIGURE 04 Illustration of the different

components of a strut-and-tie model
using a deep beam.
 STRUTS
There are three major geometric shape classes for struts.
1. prismatic,
2. bottle-shaped, and
3. compression fan
 NODES
There are three types of nodes.

Here T is for Tension and C is for compression

Strut-and-Tie Model Design Procedure
STUDS AND TIE CODES
PROBLEM (DEEP BEAM)
PROBLEM (DEEP BEAM)
PROBLEM (DEEP BEAM)
PROBLEM (DEEP BEAM)
THANK YOU