LTE Principle

-UMTS Radio Network Planning & Optimization Dept

 秘密▲

Contents

 Standard Development of LTE

 Overview of LTE
 Technical Characteristics of LTE
 Development and Evolution of Wireless秘密▲
Technologies
2G 2.5G 2. 75G 3G 3.5G 3. 75 G 3.9G

WCDMA
GSM GPRS HSDPA HSUPA LTE
R99

EDGE
HSPA+

CDMA CDMA2000 EV-DO EV-DO

IS-95 AIE
2000 1X 1X EV-DO Rev. A Rev. B

CDMA2000
1X EV-DV
 秘密▲

Competitive Situation of LTE

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Enhanced
Enhanced
GSM EDGE
EDGE EDGE
EDGE
EDGE DL:474
DL:474 kbps
kbps DL:1.3
DL:1.3 Mbps
Mbps
Evolution UL:474
UL:474 kbps
kbps UL:653
UL:653kbps
kbps
HSDPA
HSDPA HSDPA/HSUPA
HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA
HSPA Evolution
Evolution
UMTS DL:14.4
DL:14.4 Mbps
Mbps DL:14.4
DL:14.4 Mbps
Mbps DL:28
DL:28 Mbps
Mbps
HSPA UL:384
UL:384 kbps
kbps UL:5.76
UL:5.76 kbps
kbps UL:11.5
UL:11.5 Mbps
Mbps
Evolution In 5 MHz
In 5 MHz In 5 MHz
In 5 MHz In 5 MHz
In 5 MHz
LTE
LTE
Long DL:100
DL:100 Mbps
Mbps
Term UL:50
UL:50 Mbps
Mbps
Evolution In
In 20
20 MHz
MHz

EVDO
EVDORev
Rev00 EVDO
EVDORev RevAA EVDO
EVDO Rev Rev BB EVDO
EVDO Rev
Rev CC
CDMA2000 DL:2.4
DL:2.4 Mbps
Mbps DL:3.1 Mbps
DL:3.1 Mbps DL:14.7
DL:14.7 Mbps
Mbps DL:100
DL:100Mbps
Mbps
Evolution UL:153
UL:153 kbps
kbps UL:1.8
UL:1.8 Mbps
Mbps UL:4.9 Mbps
UL:4.9 Mbps UL:50 Mbps
UL:50 Mbps
In
In 1.25
1.25 MHz
MHz In
In 1.25
1.25 MHz
MHz In
In 55 MHz
MHz In
In20
20 MHz
MHz
Phase
Phase 11 Phase
Phase 22
Mobile DL:23
Fixed DL:23 Mbps
Mbps DL:46
DL:46 Mbps
Mbps
WiMax Fixed WiMax
WiMax UL:4 Mbps UL:4 Mbps
UL:4 Mbps UL:4 Mbps
Evolution 10
10MHz
MHz 3:1
3:1 TDD
TDD 10
10 MHz
MHz 3:1
3:1 TDD
TDD
 秘密▲
Standard of HSPA+/LTE/SAE
 秘密▲

Standard Evolution & Industrial Life Circle

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Commercial
Release
R5 R6 R7 R8

Commercial
Test
NGMN
IOT
Test

Standard
Stability

Standard
Release
R5 R6 R7 R8

Standard
Frozen
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

 The development of the standard and industrial has its own rule and circle: Standard
Frozen  Standard Release  Standard Stabilization  Industrial Development;
 The standard stabilized time and commercial launch time always has a interval of about
one and a half year.
 NGMN testing schedule doesn’t comply with the rule foregoing, so, NGMN testing is a
prototype testing, not a commercial product testing.
 LTE commercial launch time in forecast: 2011 year.
 秘密▲

Contents

 Standard Development of LTE

 Overview of LTE
 Technical Characteristics of LTE
 秘密▲

Origination of LTE

3GPP started RAN (Radio Access Network) technology evolution

process in Canada Toronto meeting in Nov 2004, which is
opened to all organization who has interested in. Over 40
operators & vendors have participated in the work of Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) technologies
evolution.

In
Inthe
theevolution
evolutionprocess,
process,operators
operatorspropose
proposetheir
their
request
requestto
to NGMN,
NGMN, which
which make
makeLTE
LTEbetter
bettermeet
meet the
the
operation
operationrequirement.
requirement.
 秘密▲

Introduction of LTE
 LTE ： 3GPP Long Term Evolution
 LTE is a technology which focuses on UTRAN Evolution
 LTE adopts optimized UTRAN structure
 Purpose of LTE is to guarantee the continuous competitive
power of 3GPP in future.

Objectives
Objectives of
of LTE
LTE
 Reduce the cost per data bit
 Introduce more service, better user experience and lower cost
 More flexible utilization of existing and new frequency resource
 Simplified network structure and opened interface
 More reasonable utilization of terminal battery
LTE Project Schedule 秘密▲

Commercial
LTE Project Work Item Start Launch
Establishment

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Study Item
Work Item Stage 3
Completion
Completion
Work Item Stage 2
Completion
 秘密▲

LTE Project Progress

Study Item Work Item

RAN structure and Multi-access

Study Item Phase 2 completion
technology confirmation
Request confirmation

2005 2006 2007

12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6
RAN-CN function split

Channel structure and

mobility detail confirmation

Core characteristic
Feasibility Study
confirmation
LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 1 秘密▲

Peak data rate

DL peak data rate: 100Mb/s in 20MHz bandwidth, DL spectrum efficiency: 5 bps/Hz
UL peak data rate: 50Mb/s in 20MHz bandwidth, UL spectrum efficiency: 2.5 bps/Hz

Control-plane latency
Idle Mode (R6 Idle) -> Active Mode (R6 CELL_DCH): Less than100ms
Dormancy Mode (R6 CELL_PCH) -> Active Mode (R6 CELL_DCH): Less than 50ms

Control-plane capacity
Support at less 200 activated subscribers per 5MHz bandwidth cell

User-plane latency
Small IP packet and empty system load (single subscriber in one cell): Less than 5ms
LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 2 秘密▲

User throughput
DL: 3~4 times average through per subscriber/MHz as R6 HSDPA
UL: 2~3 times average through per subscriber/MHz as R6 HSUPA

Spectrum efficiency
DL: 3~4 times spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site) in full load network as R6 HSDPA
UL: 2~3 times spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site) in full load network as R6 HSDPA

Mobility
E-UTRAN should have best performance in the speed of 0~15 km/h
High performance in higher speed of 15~120 km/h
Guaranteed cellular network performance in the speed of 120~350 km/h
(Up to 500 km/h in some specified frequency band)
LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 3 秘密▲

Coverage
Best spectrum efficiency and mobility performance in 5 km cell radius; only tiny decline
in 30km cell radius; 100 km cell radius should be considered.

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Support

Lower complexity of terminal: adopt unique modulation, coding, multi-access and
frequency band.
Support voice and MBMS combination service.
Support both paired and unpaired frequency band.

Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA should be able to utilize the following bandwidth in both UL and DL: 1.25 MHz,
1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz; Support both paired and
unpaired frequency band; Support resource flexibility, include power, modulation,
unique band, various band, uplink and downlink, frequency assignment, etc.
Radio Band Resource (RBR) means all available radio resource of the operator.
LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 4 秘密▲

Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP Radio Access Technology

Support co-existence and HO with GERAN/UTRAN network.
E-UTRAN terminal support inter HO with UTRAN and or GERAN.
RT service HO between E-UTRAN and UTRAN (or GERAN) should finish within 300ms.

Architecture and migration

Unique E-UTRAN architecture;
E-UTRAN architecture should base on packet, and support RT and Conversation service.
E-UTRAN architecture should lower “single points of failure” phenomenon.
E-UTRAN architecture should support end-to-end QoS
The protocol of backbone network should be high efficiency.
LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 5 秘密▲

Radio Resource Management requirements

Enhanced end to end QoS
More efficiency high-level packet
Support load sharing and policy management inter Radio Access Technologies (RAT)

Complexity
Minimize optional item
Lower redundancy
 秘密▲

Contents

 Standard Development of LTE

 Overview of LTE
 Technical Characteristics of LTE
 秘密▲
LTE/SAE Network Architecture

 Relationship with SAE (CN Evolution) and 2G/3G and other network

GERAN

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a

S1-MME

MME PCRF
S4 S7 Rx+

S11

S10
”
LTE-Uu
S5 SGi
UE Serving PDN Operator's IP Services
E-UTRAN (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U
Gateway Gateway
 秘密▲
LTE/SAE Network Architecture

 MME Function
NAS signaling and security function
CN signaling due to 3GPP RAN mobility
UE tracing and achievability in Idle mode
Roaming
Authorization
Bearer management function (include dedicated bearer establishment)
 Serving GW
Support UE mobility HO user plane function
E-UTRAN Idle mode DL packet data buffer and paging support
In LTE architecture, the R6 Iu interface is replaced with LTE S1 interface, and
R6 Iub & Iur interface are replaced with LTE X2 interface.
 秘密▲
LTE/SAE Network Architecture
LTE related node interface:
 S1-MME
Control plane protocol referenced node between E-UTRAN and
MME
 S1-U

Interface between E-UTRAN and transmit Serving-GW

Each bearer user plane tunnel and path handover between
eNodeB
 X2
Interface between eNodeB, which is similar with 3GPP Iur
interface.
 LTE-Uu

Air interface, which is similar with 3GPP Uu interface.

 秘密▲
LTE Network Architecture

 In LTE architecture, RAN is evolved to E-UTRAN, and only one

node eNodeB left.

MME/S-GW MME/S-GW
EPC

S1
EPS

X2 E-UTRAN
eNodeB eNodeB
X2 X2
eNodeB
 秘密▲
LTE Network Architecture

 eNodeB Function
eNodeB has the full function of Node B and major function of RNC in 3GPP
R5/R6/R7, include Physical layer function (HARQ etc.), MAC, RRC
Scheduling, RAC, Mobility, etc.

Node B RNC eNodeB

 秘密▲

LTE Protocol Structure

eNB

Inter Cell RRM

RB Control

Connection Mobility Cont.

Radio Admission Control MME

eNB Measurement
NAS Security
Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Idle State Mobility

Allocation (Scheduler) Handling

RRC PDCP SAE Bearer Control

RLC
SAE Gateway
MAC
S1
PHY Mobility Anchoring
internet

E-UTRAN EPC
S1 Interface Protocol & X2 Interface 秘密▲

Protocol
 S1 Interface User Plane (eNB-SAE GW) S1 Interface Control Plane (eNB-MME)

User plane PDUs S1-AP

GTP-U
SCTP
UDP

IP IP

Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Physical layer


S1/X2 Interface Function
S1
 SAE bearer service management
 Mobility (UEs in LTE_ACTIVE)
 Intra-LTE Handover;
 Inter-3GPP-RAT Handover
 S1 paging function
 NAS signaling transmission
 S1 interface management
 Network sharing
 Roaming and restriction support
 NAS node selection
 Initial Context establishment
秘密▲
X2
 LTE access system mobility
function (UE in
LTE_ACTIVE)
 Context transfer from
source eNB to target eNB
 Control of user plane
tunnels between source
eNB and target eNB
 General X2 interface manag
ement and error disposing
 秘密▲

LTE Radio Protocol Structure

 User plane protocol stack

UE eNB SAE Gateway

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY
 秘密▲

LTE Radio Protocol Structure

 Control plane protocol stack

UE eNB MME

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY
LTE Channel Structure 秘密▲

– Transport Channel & Physical Channel

BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH
Downlink
 Mapping of Transport Transport Channels
Channels onto Physical
Channels in Downlink

Downlink
Physical Channels
CCPCH PDSCH PDCCH

RACH UL-SCH
Uplink
 Mapping of Transport Transport channels
Channels onto Physical
Channels in Uplink

Uplink
Physical channels
PRACH PUCCH PUSCH
LTE Channel Structure 秘密▲

– Transport Channel & Logical Channel

 Mapping of Logical PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Channels onto Physical Downlink
Channels in Downlink Logical channels

Downlink
Transport channels
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
 Mapping of Logical CCCH DCCH DTCH
Channels onto Physical Uplink
Channels in Uplink Logical channels

Uplink
Transport channels
RACH UL-SCH
 秘密▲

LTE Radio Resource Management

Radio Bearer Radio Access

Control Control

Load Balance Connection

Mobility Control

RRM
PS Dynamic
ICIC Resource
Radio Resource Assignment
Management
Inter-RAT
 LTE Radio Resource Management
- RBC & RAC
RBC
 To establish, maintain and release r
adio bearer, include the configuration of
related radio resource. When establish
a RB for new service, RBM should cons
ider the E-UTRAN overall resource, Qo
S requirement of exiting session and Q
oS requirement of new service. RBC al
so needs to consider the disposing of e
xiting session radio resource change du
e to mobility or others reason. Disposin
g of related RB session termination, ha
ndover, etc. also need to be considered
.
秘密▲
RAC
The major function is to accept or reject
new RB establishment request. RAC shoul
d consider the E-UTRAN overall resource,
priority, QoS requirement of exiting session
and QoS requirement of new service. The
purpose is to make best of radio resource
(Accept new RB request as long as there h
as available radio resource), and guarantee
the quality of ongoing session. (Reject new
RB request if it influenced ongoing session)
 LTE Radio Resource Management
– CMC & DRA-PS
CMC
 Radio resource management in idle m
ode and active mode. In idle mode, cell se
lection arithmetic defines best-cell or deci
des cell-selection start time by setting par
ameters (threshold and latency). Similarly,
E-UTRAN system broadcast parameters d
efine UE measurement and report process
in active mode, support radio connection
mobility. Handover decision can be referre
d to the measurement of UE or eNB. More
over, handover decision can also be referr
ed to neighbor-cell load, service attribute,
transport and hardware resource, and oth
er policy defined by operators.
秘密▲
DRA-PS
 Dynamic resource assignment or pac
ket scheduling are used to assign resourc
e in user-pane and control-plane, and can
cel the assignment, also include resource
buffering and disposing. Dynamic resourc
e assignment contains several sub-task, i
nclude selection of RB to be scheduled an
d management of obligatory resource. Th
e typical function of packet scheduling is c
onsidering of RB related QoS requirement
, UE channel quality, buffering state and i
nterference. Dynamic resource assignme
nt also needs to consider restriction or sel
ection useful resource block in ICIC.
LTE Radio Resource Management
– ICIC & LB & Inter-RAT RRM
ICIC
 To manage radio reso
urce, specially radio resou
rce block, so as to control
inter-cell interference. Ess
entially, ICIC is a function
of multi-cell radio resourc
e management, so it need
s to consider information c
omes form multi-cell, such
as resource occupation a
nd service load. The defa
ult preferred ICIC method
in downlink and uplink sho
uld be different.
秘密▲
LB Inter-RAT RRM
Be responsibility for dispo
To manage inter-RAT
sing of the unbalanced servic mobility, specially connect
e load between cells. The pur ing radio resource in inter-
pose of LB is to affect the loa RAT HO. Inter-RAT HO d
d distribution so as to make t ecision should consider R
he best use of radio resource AT resource, UE capabilit
and guarantee user QoS and y and operators’ policy.
lower call drop rate. Load bal
ance arithmetic may trigger H
O or cell-reselection so as to
reassign service traffic in high
load cell to another cell with li
ght traffic load.
 秘密▲

LTE Mobility Management

LTE Idle LTE Active

Hand Over (intra E-

Cell Selection UTRAN HO)
Hand Over (Inter RAT
Cell Reselection
LTE HO)
MM FFS
Intra-frequency Mobility
FFS
Inter-frequency Mobilty

Inter-RAT Mobility
 秘密▲

Handover Process
UE Source eNB Target eNB MME/SAE Gateway

0. Area Restriction Provided

1. Measurement Control
packet data
packet data
UL allocation L3
Legend

Intra-MME/SAE Gateway HO 2. Measurement Reports

signalling
L1/L2
signalling
3. HO decision User Data
4. Handover Request

Handover Preparation
5. Admission Control
6. Handover Request Ack
DL allocation
7. Handover Command

Detach from old cell Deliver buffered and in transit

and synchronize to packets to target eNB

Handover Execution
new cell DL Data Forwarding

Buffer packets from

Source eNB
8. Synchronisation
9. UL allocation + TA for UE
10. Handover Confirm
packet data
11. Handover Complete

Path Switching

Handover Completion
12. Handover Complete Ack
13. Release Resource

Flush DL buffer, continue

delivering in-transit packets
DL Data Forwarding
packet data
14. Release
Resources

packet data
 QOS Concept and SAE Bearer Service 秘密▲

Architecture
 SAE bearer service layer
SAE Internet
structure
E-UTRAN EPC

UE eNB GW Peer
Entity

End-to-end Service

SAE Bearer Service External BS

SAE Radio BS SAE Access BS

Phys. Radio BS Physical BS

Radio S1 Gi
 秘密▲
SON Partial function
eNB power on
(or cable connected)

a-1 : configuration of IP address

(A) Basic Setup and detection of OAM

a-2 : authentication of eNB/NW

self-configuration a-3 : association to aGW

and
Self-Configuration
(pre-operational state)
a-4 : downloading of eNB software

self-optimisation (and operational parameters)

b-1 : neighbour list configuration

(B) Initial Radio
Configuration
b-2 : coverage/capacity related
parameter configuration

Self-Optimisation
(operational state)

c-1 : neighbour list optimisation

(C) Optimization /
Adaptation
c-2 : coverage and capacity
control
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology - OFDM/SC-FDMA

 Physical Layer Multi-access

DL is based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
UL is based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Accessing)

 OFDM: For UE, OFDM is used

for data modulation so as to
conquer multi-path effect and
obtain frequency diversity gain.
 OFDMA: For eNode B, OFDMA is OFDM Modulation
used as multi-access means to Difference comedown in differe
obtain user diversity gain. nce sub-carrier.
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology - OFDM Characteristics

 Prone to realize the restraint to multi-path effect

 High spectrum efficiency
 Simplified receiver
 Flexible spectrum expansion capability
 Prone to be influenced by frequency-offset, such as Doppler Frequency-offse
t, Phase Noise, etc.
 High Peak-to-Average Ratio, prone to bring high peak power.
 Scale deployment need multi-frequency network, much more bandwidth is ne
eded.
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology– Uplink ： SC-FDMA

 Multiple Address Access in Physical Layer
 UL: Based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Accessing)
.
 Sub-carrier of SC-FDMA is set 15kHz.

Sub-
CP
DFT carrier IFFT
insertion
Mapping

 SC-FDMA in LTE UL adopts DFT-OFDM, in which signal is

spread using DFT before it is modulated by OFDM IFFT. Time
domain signal is transmitted in the system. PAPR caused by
frequency domain signal in OFDM system will be eliminated.
 秘密▲
LTE Key Technology – MIMO

 Multi-antenna Technology
LTE adopts MIMO as multi-antenna technology
LTE basic antenna configuration is DL 2*2 (Double Transmitters Double Receivers) and
UL 1*2 (Single Transmitter Double Receivers). LTE maximum antenna configuration is 4
*4 (Quadruplex Transmitters Quadruplex Receivers).

SIMO MIMO
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology – MIMO Theory

v11

Modulator
Channel Modulator
Encode Channel QPSK Detector
Encode Interleave QPSK Detector
Interleave 16QAM
16QAM

v21

Data Data
DeMUX Trans MUX
stream Receiv MUX stream
DeMUX v12 mitter
er

Modulator
Channel Modulator
Encode Channel QPSK Detector
Encode Interleave QPSK Detector
Interleave 16QAM
16QAM
v22

 MIMO Technologies include: Space multiplex (SM), Space division multiple ad

dress (SDMA), Pre-coding, Rank-adaptation and open loopTx diversity (STTD,
mainly used to control the transmission of control signaling).
 The concrete technology is in consideration and not yet determined.
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology – Downlink: MIMO

 If all the Space Division Multiplex (SDM) streams are used in one UE, it is
called Single User (SU) MIMO, namely SU-MIMO.

Assume each eNodeB has 4 antennae

eNode B
eNode B
UE
UE
 SU-MIMO: SDM  SU-MIMO: Tx Diversity.
 Two data streams are issued within a  Only one data stream is i
TTI ssued.
 秘密▲

LTE Key Technology – Downlink: MIMO

 If many Space Division Multiplex (SDM) streams are used in many UEs, it
is called Multi-User (MU) MIMO, namely MU-MIMO.

Assume each eNodeB has 4 antennae

eNode B
eNode B
UE
UE
UE
UE

 MU-MIMO: SDM  MU-MIMO: Tx Diversity.

 Two data streams are issued  Only one data stream is issued.
within a TTI
Key Technologies in LTE 秘密▲

-- Uplink: MIMO and Virtue MIMO

 Similar to that in
downlink MIMO
 Virtual MIMO:
 The current
configuration is 1x2 or
1x4. The UE uses one
transmitting antenna.
 Might be 2x2 or 4x4
configuration in the
future.
LTE Key Technology 秘密▲

– Modulation and Coding

 Modulation and coding
Modulation:
 DL: Support QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
 UL: Support QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM (64QAM is optional for UE)

Coding
Turbo
 LDPC: Low density parity-check Code

101111
64QAM constellation chart
 秘密▲
Summary

 The operators take a most important role in the initiation, research

and development of LTE.

 LTE continues to use part of HSPA key technologies, such as

AMC and HARQ, but with new breakthrough, for instance

OFDM/OFDMA.

 Current LTE performance has already exceeds the original

objective.

 In future, LTE will probably become a 4G standard.