Research Methodology and

Applied Statistics
Week 7
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS
 REFERENCES

Anthony Hayter. (2012). Probability and statistics

for engineers and scientists. 04. Thomson
Brooks/Cole. Australia. ISBN: 9789814336208.

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 Learning Outcomes
LO3: Use proper statistical techniques for statistical
decision making
LO4: interpret the result of the calculation
LO5 : Draw the statistical conclusions from
experiments and observations

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Analysis of variance is mainly used for tests

of hypotheses that three or more population
means are all equal against that at least one
mean is different.

is a technique for assessing how one or several

nominal independent variables (called
factors) affect a continuous dependent
variable.
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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

ANOVA in which only one nominal independent

variable is involved is called 1-way ANOVA.

ANOVA in which only two nominal independent

variables are involved is called 2-way ANOVA.

ANOVA is an extension to the independent-two-

sample t test.

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.2 Experimental Design and ANOVA

 Statistical studies can be classified as either experimental or

observational.
 In an experimental statistical study, an experiment is
conducted to generate the data.
 An experiment begins with identifying a variable of interest.
Then one or more other variables, thought to be related, are
identified and controlled, and data are collected about how
those variables influence the variable of interest.
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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 1
Suppose in an industrial experiment that an engineer is interested in
how the mean absorption of moisture in concrete varies among 5
different concrete aggregates.

Aggregates 1  may be interested

in making
Aggregates 2 individual
comparisons
among these 5
Aggregates 3 population means
 How the different
Aggregates 4 aggregates effect
on absorption of
Aggregates 5 moisture
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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 1
The samples are exposed to moisture for 48 hours. It is decided that 6
samples are to be tested for each aggregate, requiring a total of 30
samples to be tested.

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 1

Hypothesis :

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.3 Assumption

1. For each population, the response variable is

normally distributed.
2. The variance of the response variable, denoted σ2, is
the same for all of the populations.
3. The observations must be independent.

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.4 F-Distribution

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.5 Hypothesis Test

A nominal independent variable with k treatment is

called a factor with k levels.

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One-Factor Analysis of Variance

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.6 ANOVA Table

ANOVA table is use to calculate test statistics F

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

SSTR

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 2
Continued from example 1
Demonstrate that the aggregates do not have the same mean
absorption.
α = 5%

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 2
Hypothesis :
H0: μ1 = μ2 = · · · = μ5 (the aggregates have the same mean absorption)
H1: At least two of the means are not equal (the aggregates do not have
the same mean absorption)

Statistic test :
SST = 209377
SSA= 85356
SSE = 209377 − 85356 = 124020
F= 4.30

Critical region:
F > 2.76 with 4 and 25 degrees of freedom
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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

Example 2

ANOVA table is use to calculate test statistics F

85356 4 21339 4,3

124020 25 4961
209377 29

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 One-Factor Analysis of Variance

1.7 Multiple Comparison Method

ANOVA
The population means are not all equal

Multiple comparison procedures

Purpose : determine where the differences
among means occur

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One-Factor Analysis of Variance

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 Experiment with Two Factors

Hypothesis Test

TEST FOR THE EQUALITY OF k Factor 1

Hypothesis
H0 : µ1 = µ2 = µ 3 = …. = µk
H1: At least two of the means are not equal
Test Statistics
MSTR
F 
MSE
Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if F > F(α,k-1,(k-1)(b-1))
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 Experiment with Two Factors

TEST FOR THE EQUALITY OF b factor 2

Hypothesis
H0 : β1 = β 2 = β 3 = …. = βb
H1: At least two of the means are not equal
Test Statistics
MSBL
F 
MSE

Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if F > F(α,b-1,(k-1)(b-1))

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 Experiment with Two Factors

ANOVA Table

ANOVA table is use to calculate test statistics F

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 Experiment with Two Factors

SSTR

SSBL

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 Experiment with Two Factors

Example 3

Four different machines, M1, M2, M3, and M4, are being considered for
the assembling of a particular product. It was decided that six different
operators would be used in a randomized block experiment to
compare the machines. The machines were assigned in a random
order to each operator. The operation of the machines requires
physical dexterity, and it was anticipated that there would be a
difference among the operators in the speed with which they operated
the machines
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 Experiment with Two Factors

Example 3

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 Experiment with Two Factors

Example 3

ANOVA Table

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Exercises

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Thank You