19P023 – STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

ASSIGNMENT PRESENTATION

BATCH-5
20P212 – KISHORE N
20P213 – KRITHISH M C
20P214 – BUDDHAMITHIRAN P
20P216 – PRAVEEN KUMAR S

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RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN

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 INTRODUCTION
The randomized block design is described as the process
of grouping (or stratifying) before randomly picking
samples for an experiment. It is a statistical experimental
design method used to minimize the effects of extraneous
variables or sources of variation that can impact the
outcome of an experiment. In this design, subjects are
divided into homogeneous groups or blocks, and then
treatments are randomly assigned within each block.

The goal of blocking is to group experimental units that are

similar in some way so that differences in the response
variable can be more easily attributed to the treatment being
tested.

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 EXAMPLES
gricultural study: A randomized block design can be used to investigate the effects RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
f different fertilizers on crop yield in a field experiment. The experimental units can
e divided into blocks based on the soil type, and different fertilizers were randomly 1. Experimental units : Experimental
ssigned to the experimental units within each block. By blocking the experimental units are the entities or objects that are
nits, the variability in soil quality can be controlled and the precision of the results being studied in an experiment. They are
the smallest elements that can be
an be increased
randomly assigned to different treatments
linical trial: In a study on the effect of a new drug, patients could be grouped into in the experiment. The selection of the
ocks based on factors such as age, gender, and medical history. Treatments are experimental units depends on the
hen randomly assigned within each block, ensuring that each treatment is tested on research question and the context of the
milar groups of patients. By using this approach, the variability of the response experiment.
ariable within each block is reduced, and the ability to detect treatment effects is
mproved
2. Treatment : In randomized block design,
ducation study: A randomized block design can be used to investigate the effects a treatment refers to the specific
f different teaching methods on student learning outcomes. The experimental units manipulation or intervention that is being
an be divided into blocks based on the students' prior knowledge of the subject, applied to the experimental units in the
nd different teaching methods can be randomly assigned to the experimental units experiment. The treatments are typically
ithin each block. By blocking the experimental units, the variability in prior selected based on the research question
nowledge can be controlled and the precision of the results can beincreased. and the hypothesis being tested.
 IMPORTANCE OF RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN
1.Control of extraneous variables : Randomized block design helps to control for the factors of non-interest by
dividing the experimental units into homogeneous groups, called blocks. This allows the researcher to isolate the
effect of the treatment being tested from the effects of other extraneous variables.
2.Precision of estimates: By controlling the extraneous variables, the design minimizes the amount of noise in
the data, making it easier to detect treatment effects and to estimate them with greater accuracy.
3.Increased statistical power: Randomized block design increases the statistical power of the experiment by
reducing the variability of the measurements within each block.
4.Flexibility: It can be used with a variety of experimental units and treatments, and it can be adapted to suit the
needs of different research questions.
5.Ethical considerations: In some cases, randomized block design can be used to reduce the number of
experimental units required for an experiment. This can be important from an ethical standpoint, particularly if
the experiment involves animals or human subjects.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

▪Increased precision ▪Limited generalizability - the results may only

be applicable to the population that shares that
▪Control for extraneous variables characteristic.

▪Efficient use of resources ▪Potential for confounding variables

▪Complexity of analysis

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 RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN- NON PARAMETRIC METHOD

Data from a randomized block design may be analyzed by a nonparametric rank-based

method known as the Friedman test. The Friedman test for the equality of treatment
locations in a randomized block design is implemented as follows:
1. Rank treatment responses within each block, adjusting in the usual manner for ties.
These ranks will go from 1 to K, the number of treatments, in each block. These are
denoted Rij.
2. Obtain the sum of ranks for each treatment. This means that we add one rank value
from each block, for a total of b(the number of blocks) ranks. Call this sum Rij for the ith
treatment.

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RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN- NON PARAMETRIC METHOD

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 RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN- NON PARAMETRIC METHOD
where k and b represent the number of treatments and blocks, respectively. This test
statistic is compared with the X^2 distribution with (k−1) degrees of freedom. However,
the T∗ test statistic using the F distribution has been shown to be superior to
the X^2 approximation and we therefore recommend the use of that statistic.
Pairwise comparisons can be performed using the Ri in the following manner. For a 
significance level of a, we can declare that the distributions of treatments i and j differ in
location if

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 RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN- NON PARAMETRIC METHOD
PROBLEM:
Comparing Weed Killers - Responses given in terms of proportions will follow a scaling
of the binomial distribution, which can be quite nonnormal and also exhibit heterogeneous
variances. This experiment is concerned with the effectiveness of five weed killers. The
experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and three
blocks, which corresponded to plots in the test area. The response is the percentage of weeds
killed. The hypothesis that the killers (treatments) have equal effects on weeds is tested
against an alternative that there are some differences. The data are given in Table 14.6, along
with the ranks in parentheses.

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 REFERENCE :

● https://study.com/learn/lesson/randomized-block-design-experiment-example.html
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/randomized-block-design
● https://stattrek.com/anova/randomized-block/example
● https://conjointly.com/kb/randomized-block-designs/