PERTEMUAN XIII

Keterampilan Speaking/Listening serta

Reading /Writing dengan language focus pada
Conditional Sentence

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 1.Grammar: Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence. If sentences (present/future) When you imagine a future happening like this, you use a past tense
Compare these examples : (did/was/found etc.) after if. But the meaning is not past :
Tom : I think I left my lighter in your house. Have you seen it ?  What would you do if you won a million pounds?
Ann : No, but I’ll have a look. If I find it, I’ll give it to you.  If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry.
In this example there is a real possibility that Ann will find the lighter. So she  Ann wouldn’t lend me any money If I asked her.
says : ‘If I find...I’ll...’

We do not normally use would in the if part of the sentence :

Ann : If I found £100 in the street, I would keep it.  I’d be very frightened if someone pointed a gun at me. (not ‘if someone
This is a different type of situation. Ann is not thinking about a real possibility; would point’)
she is imagining. So she says : ‘If I found ... I would ...’ (not ‘If I find ... I’ll...’)  If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be angry. (not ‘if we
wouldn’t go’)

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 Sometimes it is possible to say if ... would, especially when you ask someone to Let’s Practice.
do something in a formal way :
1) In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.
 I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price list
Examples : If I found £100 in the street, would keep (keep) it.
as soon as possible.
They’d be rather angry if you didn’t visit (not/visit) them.
 ‘Shall I close the door?’ ‘Yes, please, if you would.’
1. If I was offered the job, I think I ................................ (take) it.
2. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if he
In the other part of the sentence (not the if past) we use would/wouldn’t.
Would is often shortened to ‘d, especially in spoken English : ................................ (refuse).

 If you stopped smoking, you’d probably feel healthier. 3. Many people would be out of work if that factory ................................

 They wouln’t come to the party if you invited them. (close) down.
You can also use could and might : 4. If she sold her car, she ................................ (not/get) much money for it.
 They might be angry if I didn’t visited them. (= perhaps they would be)
 If it stopped raining, we could go out. (= we would be able to go out)

Do not use when in sentences like the ones in this unit :

 Tom would be angry if I didn’t visit him. (not ‘when I didn’t visit’)
 What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not ‘when you were’)
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 5. They’re expecting us. They would be disappointed if
we ................................ (not/come).
6. Would George be angry if I ................................ (take) his
bicycle without asking?
7. Ann gave me this ring. She ................................ (be) terribly
upset if I lost it.
8. If someone ................................ (walk) in here with a gun, I’d
be very frightened.
9. What would happen if you ................................ (not/go) to
work tomorrow?
10. I’m sure she ................................ (understand) if you
explained the situation to her.
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This time you have to make questions.
Example : Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money.
What would you do if somebody gave you a lot of money?
1. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her.
What would you dp if ..............................................................
2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.
What ...............................................................................................
3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you.
What ............................................................................
4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen.
What .......................................................
5. Perhaps one day somebody will park his car on your foot.
.............................................................................................
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 Now answer these questions in the way shown. If and wish sentences (present). Study this example situation :

Example : Are you going to catch the 10.30 train? (we/arrive too early) Tom wants to telephone Sue but he can’t do this because he doesn’t know

No. If we caught the 10.30 train, we would arrive too early. her telephone number. He says :
If I knew her number, I would telephone her.
1. Is he going to take the examination? (he/fail it)
No. If he ..............................................., he
Tom says, ‘If I knew her number ...’. This tells us that he doesn’t know her
................................................
number. He is imagining the situation. The real situation is that he doesn’t know
2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I/have to invite Linda too) her number.
No. If I .......................................................................................................
3. Are you going to bed now? (I/not/sleep) When you imagine a situation like this, you use a past tense (‘I did / I was / I
No. ........................................................................................................... knew’ etc.) after if. But the meaning is present, not past :

4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she/not/get it)  Tom would travel if he had more money. (but he doesn’t have much

No. ............................................................................................................ money)

 If I didn’t want to go, I wouldn’t. (but I want to go)
 We wouldn’t have any money if we didn’t work. (but we work)

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We also use the past for a present situation after wish. We use wish to say that
we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be :
 I wish I knew Sue’s telephone number. (I don’t know it)
 Do you ever wish you could fly? (You can’t fly)
 I wish it didn’t rain so much in England. (It rains a lot)
 It’s crowded here. I wish there weren’t so many people. (There are a lot
of people)
 I wish I didn’t have to work. (I have to work)
In if sentences and after wish you can use were instead of was :
 If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. (or ‘If I was you’)
 I’d go out if it weren’t raining. (or ‘If it wasn’t raining’)
 I wish my my room were larger. (or ‘I wish my room was larger’)
Do not use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish :
 If I were rich, I would buy a castle. (not ‘If I would be rich’)
 I wish I were taller. (not ‘I wish I would be taller’)
But sometimes I wish ... would ... is possible.
Could sometimes means ‘would be able to’ and sometimes ‘was able to’
 She could (= would be able to) get a job more easily if she could (= was
able to) type.
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 Exercises
1) In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.
Example : If I knew (know) her number, I would telephone her.
I wouldn’t buy (not/buy) that coat if I were you.
1. I .......................................... (give) you a cigarette If I had one but I’m afraid I
haven’t.
2. This soup would taste better if it ....................... (have) more salt in it.
3. If you ................................ (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t
be so tired all the time.
4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather ..................................... (be)
better.
5. I’d help you if I .................................. (can) but I’m afraid I can’t.
6. If I were you, I .................................. (not/marry) him.
7. We would happily buy that house if it ................................ (not/be) so small.
This time you have to read a situation and write a sentence with if.
Example : We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you morre
often.
1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly.
But if he ......................................., people ...........................................
2. I’m not going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.
But if that book ...................................................................
3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.
But if ..................................................................................................
4. He’s fat because he doesn’t take any exercise.
But ....................................................................
5. We can’t have lunch in the garden because it’s raining.
.........................................................................................
6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
................................................................................................
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 Now you have to write sentences with I wish ... If and wish sentences (past)
Example : I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely) I wish I a. Study this example situation :
knew more people. Last month Ann was ill. Tom didn’t know this, so he didn’t go to see her. They
meet again after Ann got better. Tom said :
1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I .........................................
If I had known that you were ill, I would have gone to see you.
2. I haven’t any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ..........................................
3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George ..............................
The real situation was that Tom didn’t know Ann was ill. So he says If I had
4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish ..........................................
known ... When you are talking about the past, you use the past perfect (I had
5. I live in London (and I hate London). I ..................................................
done / I had been / I had known etc.) after if.
6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend).
 If I had seen you when you passed me in the street, I would have said
I .......................................................................................
hello. (but I didn’t see you)
7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed).  I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (but I was too tired)
.....................................................................................  If I had been looking where he was going, he wouldn’t have walked into
8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). the wall. (but he wasn’t looking)
Do not use would (have) in the if part of the sentence :
...............................................................................................................
 If I had seen you, I would have said hello. (not ‘If would have seen’)
9. I’m not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s a pity). Both would and had can be shortened to ‘d :
...............................................................................................  If I’d seen (= had seen) you, I’d have said (= would have said) hello.

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You also have to use the past perfect (I had done) after wish when you say that Exercises
you regret something that happened or didn’t happen in the past :
 I wish I had known that Ann was ill. I would have gone to see her. (I 1) In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.
didn’t know that she was ill) Example : If I had known (know) that you were ill last week, I’d have gone to
 I feel sick. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate too much)
see you.
 Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (You didn’t
Tom wouldn’t have entered (not/enter) for the examination if he had
study science)
 The weather was awful. I wish it had been warmer. (It wasn’t warm) known that it would be so difficult.
You cannot use would have after wish : 1. Tom got to the station in time. If he .................................... (miss) the train, he
 I wish it had been warmer. (not ‘would had been’) would have been late for his interview.
2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I ...........................
Would have (done) is the past form of would (do) : (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.
 If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired 3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if George ..........................
now - present)
(not/recommend) it to us.
 If I had gone to the party last night, I would have seen Ann. (I didn’t see
Ann - past) 4. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I ......................... (have)
Might have and could have are possible instead of would have : your address.
 If we’d played better, we might have won. (= perhaps we would have
won)
 We could have gone out if the weather hadn’t been so bad. (= we would
have been able to go out)

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 Now you have to read a situation and write a sentence with if. This time you have to imagine that you are in a situation. For each situation,
Example : She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry. make a sentence with I wish ...
If she had been hungry, she would have eaten something. Example : You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.
1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly. You say : I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

If the driver in front .................................................................................... 1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.

2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early. You say : I wish I
.............................................................................................
If I ............................................................................................................
2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but
3. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
you didn’t bring your camera. You say : I
If...........................................................................................
............................................................
4. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt.
3. A good friend of yours visited your town but unfortunately you were away
If ............................................................................................................
when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say :
5. You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.
.........................................................
If ..................................................................................... 4. You’ve just come back from your holiday. Everything was fine except for the
6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her. hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say :
If ................................................................................................................ ............................................................

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 2.Speaking Activity!
Modifying proposals
Discussion: The Motor Vehicle and Society
Modify each of the above statements so that everyone in your group agrees with it.
Most people would agree that motor accidents are serious problem. It is often
difficult, however, for people to agree on what should be done to control the 1. …………………………………………………………………………………………
number of deaths and injuries on the road. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Discussing proposal
2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Discuss the following proposals in groups.
3.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with each idea? ……………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Only people with a real need to own a motor vehicle should be allowed to drive. …
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Everyone else should be forced to use taxis or public transport.
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Statistics show that most car accidents are caused by drivers between 18 and
……………………………………………………………………………………………
25. People should not, therefore, be allowed to drive until they are 26 years of age.

3. Motor vehicle emissions cause serious pollution problems. Private motor

vehicles

should therefore be banned from inner city areas.

4. Speed is one of the main cause of road accidents. Fast powerful cars should
therefore be banned.
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 3.Reading Comprehension!
An army marches on its stomach
Military rations originated in 1795 when Napoleon Bonaparte wanted better food
for his army. A French chef invented a way to keep food in jars and for many years
this invention was a military secret.
In 1938 the US Army introduced combat rations with meat and vegetables in a
can. These C rations weren’t popular – the cans were heavy and soldiers didn’t like
the taste of the food.
In the 1980s the army introduced the Meal, Ready-to-Eat, or MRE. These meals
in a special pouch and they were lighter, tastier and healthier than C ration.
MREs were more popular than C rations but many troops said the MREs were
boring to eat all the time. Army scientists listened to soldiers and they made new
MREs with the kind of food that American eat at home. The new MREs have less
traditional American dishes and more ethnic dishes, including Chinese, Italian and
Mexican food. There are also more fast food dishes and more vegetable-only meals
for vegetarians. MREs are getting better all the time and scientists are now working
on military sandwiches and pizzas.
(Campaign Book 1, p. 87).

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 Read the text. Are the sentences true or false.

1. The first military rations were invented by the French Emperor, Napoleon
Bonaparte. _______________
2. C rations were popular with soldiers. ________________
3. MREs are lighter than C rations. ______
4. US Army rations include Chinese and Mexican food. __________
5. US Army combat rations include pizza. _________________

Read the text again and find with similar meanings.

6. This person prepares food for a lot of people. (paragraph 1) ________

7. This person only eats fruit and vegetables. (paragraph 4) ____________
8. Cheap food prepared and served quickly. (paragraph 4) _____________
9 Dishes from other countries. (paragraph 4) __________________

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 Exercise Bright Star
Every two years, more than 70,000 troops from 11 countries take part in the
Bright Star multinational exercise in Egypt. Bright star is a joint exercise with the
participant of ground forces, air forces and naval forces.
During Bright Star, there are exercises in the field and exercises for
commanders. Field Training Exercises (FTXs) are similar to real operations and
troops practice military skills. In Command Post Exercises (CPXs) there are no
troops – commanders and their staff practise command and communications using
computers.
The Bright Star exercises take place in northeast of Egypt, near Alexandria.
There are different kinds of terrain in the exercise area and soldiers train for different
operations. For examples, marines carry out amphibious assaults on the
Mediterranean beaches near Alexandria and parachutists out airborne assaults in the
interior.
(Campaign English for military, Book 1, p. 94).

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Read the text. Are the sentences true or false.

10. Bright Star took place in the years 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. ___
__________________________________________
11. Troop from more than 40 countries participate in Bright Star.
_______________________________
12. Bright Star includes servicemen and women from the army, navy and air force.
______________

Read the text again and find with similar meanings.

13. A military exercise or operation with more than one service (line 2) ___________
14. A military exercise or operation with more one country. (line 2)
____________________________
15. CPX. (line 6) ____________________
16. These officers assist the commander. (line 9) __________________
 4.Listening Activity!
Directions. Listen to the recording and complete the flow chart below!

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 5. Writing Activity:

Introduction Structure Sections

1) Definition. Certain words or phrases in the title may need clarifying because
There is no standard pattern for an introduction, since much depends on the type
they are not widely understood or are used in a special sense.
of research you are conducting and the length of your work, but this is a common
structure: 2) Context. It is useful to remind the reader of the wider context of your work.
This may also show the value of the study you have carried out.
1) Definition of key terms, if needed 3) Reference to other researchers. While a longer article may have a separate
literature review, in a shorter essay it is still important to show familiarity with
2) Relevant background information
researchers who have studied this topic previously. This may also reveal a gap in
3) Review of work by other writers on the topic research which justifies your work.
4) Aim. The aim of your research must be clearly stated so the reader knows
4) Purpose or aim of the paper what you are trying to do.
5) Your research methods 5) Method. The method demonstrates the process that you undertook to achieve
the given aim.
6) Any limitations you imposed
6) Limitations. You cannot deal with every aspect of this topic in an essay, so
7) An outline of your paper you must make clear the boundaries of your study.
7) Outline. Understanding the structure of your work will help the reader to follow
your argument.

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 Opening Sentences

Conclusions
• Conclusions tend to be shorter and more varied in format than
Time phrase Topic Development introductions.
• Some articles may have a ‘summary’ or ‘concluding remarks’.
Currently, the control of has emerged as a potential cause of • But student papers should generally have a final section which
water international friction. summarises the arguments and makes it clear to the reader that the
resources original question has been answered.

Since 2008 electric have become a serious commercial Common Conclusion Structure
vehicles proposition.
1) Summary of main findings or results
2) Link back to the original question to show it has been answered
Before 1950 antibiotic were not widely available. 3) Reference of the limitations of your work (e.g. geographical)
drugs
4) Suggestions for future possible related research
5) Comments on the implications of your research

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 Exercise 1
Working quickly, write introductory sentences for three of the following
titles.
a) How important is it for companies to have women as senior managers?
b) Are there any technological solutions to global warming?
c) What can be done to reduce infant mortality in developing countries?
d) Compare the urbanisation process in two contrasting countries.
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Exercise 2
The following sentences form the conclusion to the essay titled ‘Evaluate
the experience of e-learning for students in higher education’. The
sentences have been mixed up. Put them into a logical order (1–5).
a) This finding was clear, despite the agreed convenience of e-learning.
b) Given the constraints of the small and limited sample, there is clearly room for
further research in this field, in particular to explore whether certain disciplines
are more suited to this mode of learning than others.
c) However, our survey of nearly 200 students found a strong preference for
traditional classroom teaching.
d) But in general it would appear that e-learning is unlikely to be acceptable as a
primary teaching method in higher education.
e) This study found that little relevant research on the HE student experience of
e-learning has been conducted, and the research that has been reported
indicates a mixed reaction to it.
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 THE REPUBLIC OF
INDONESIA DEFENSE UNIVERSITY

Thank you for

Your attention!
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