CONSERVATIO

N OF ENERGY
By: Engr. Sandra E. Abancio, RME
Gravitational Potential Energy (P)
The gravitational potential energy of a body is it energy due to its
position or elevation.

P = Fgz = mgz/k
ΔP = P2 -P1 = (mg/k) (z2 - z1)
ΔP = change in potential energy
 KINETIC ENERGY (K)
The energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving
body, by virtue of its momentum is called kinetic energy.
K = mv2/2k
ΔK = K2 - K1= m/2k(v22 - v21)
ΔK = change in kinetic energy
INTERNAL ENERGY
Internal energy is energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of the
activity and configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within
the molecules.
u = specific internal energy (unit mass) Δu = u2 - u1
U = mu = total internal energy (m mass) ΔU = U2 - U1
 WORK (W)
Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the
force in the direction of the displacement. Work is energy in transition; that is, it
exists only when a force is “moving” through a distance.
dW = Fxdx = (pA)dL = pdV

The area under the curve of the process on the pV plane represents the work
done during a nonflow reversible process

Note: Work done by the system is positive (outflow of energy)

Work done on the system is negative (inflow of energy)
FLOW WORK (W F )
Flow work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary,
usually into or out of a system.
Wf = FL = pAL
Wf = pV
ΔWf = Wf2 - Wf1 = p2V2 - p1V1
ΔWf = change in work flow
HEAT (Q)
Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from one body or system to another solely
because of a temperature difference between the bodies or systems.

Q is positive when heat is added to the body or system.

Q is negative when heat is rejected by the body or system.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
(1) A closed system is one in which mass does not cross its boundaries.
(2) An open system is one in which mass crosses its boundaries.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor
destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics states that one form of energy may be
converted into another.
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System
P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + Q = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + W
Q = ΔP + ΔK + ΔWf + ΔU + W
 ENTHALPY (H,H)

Enthalpy is a composite property applicable to all fluids and is defined by

h = u + pv and H = mh = U + pV

The steady flow energy equation becomes

P1 + K1 + H1 + Q = P2 + K2 + H2 + W
Q = ΔP + ΔK + ΔH + W