EE 740

Professor Ali Keyhani

Lecture #11

Newton-Raphson Method
Newton - Raphson Method
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Power Flow Problem:

Given: PGi Sch , QGi Sch

YBus model

Find: VBus
Plosses, Qlosses
Pij, Qij Power flow through transmission
lines and transformers

Model:
IBus = YBus VBus
Ii = YijVj for i = 1 to n
Si = ViI*i
Transmitted Power

STi =PTi + QTi = ViI*Ti for i = 1,2

but IT1 = Y11 Y12 V1

IT2 Y21 Y22 V2

or ITi =  Yij Vj for i = 1,2 and j = 1,2

Let Vi = Vii Yij = Yijij
Then
I*Ti =  Yij Vj -ij - i for j = 1 to n
STi = Vi  Yij Vj i - j - ij for j = 1 to n
i
Note that the net injection to bus (i) is: j
Pi
Piinj = PGi Sch - PLi Sch
Qiinj = QGi Sch - QLi Sch Qi

Therefore:

Piinj = PGi Sch - PLi Sch = Pi cal (VBus , YBus)

Qiinj = QGi Sch - QLi Sch = Qi cal (VBus , YBus)

 Pi = Pi inj - Pi cal (VBus , YBus) 

 Qi = Qi inj - Qi cal (VBus , YBus) 
Piinj - Pi cal (VBus , YBus) = 0
Qiinj - Qi cal (VBus , YBus) = 0 i = 1,2…

P1inj - P1 cal (V1,…Vn) = 0 f1(X) = 0

Piinj - Pi cal (V1,…Vn) = 0 fi(X) = 0

Pninj - Pn cal (V1,…Vn) = 0 fn(X) = 0

f1(X)
F(X) = fi(X) = 0
fn(X)

f1(X) = f1(X1, X2,…,Xn) = f1(X1(0),…Xn(0)) + df1 X1 + df2 X2 + …

(0) (0)
dX1 X dX2 X

+ dfn Xn
(0)
dXn X
f1(X) = f1(X(0)) +  df1 Xk = 0 (Sum from k=1 to n)
dXk X(0)

f2(X) = f2(X(0)) +  df2 Xk = 0 (Sum from k=1 to n)

(0)
dXk X

fn(X) = fn(X(0)) +  dfn Xk = 0 (Sum from k=1 to n)

(0)
dXk X

or in vector notation

df 1 df1 ……. df1 X1

dX 1 dX2 dXn
F(X) = F(X(0)) + df2 df2 ……. df2 X2
dX 1 dX2 dXn
dfn dfn ……. dfn Xn
dX 1 dX2 dXn

F(X) = F(X(0)) + [ J ] [ X]

X = Xold - Xnew = X0 - Xn

F(X(0)) + [ J ] X(0) [ X ] = 0 [ J ] = the jacobian matrix

[ X ] = - [ J ]-1 F(X(0))
Power system methods of analysis.
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Example 1: Newton-Raphson method. DC system.
.25
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 V1
I2 = Y21 Y22 Y23 V2
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 V3 .1 .2 Psch2 =1.2
3
Comments:
 Bus (1) is slack bus, V1 = 10 pu. 1.5
 Scheduled injected power at bus (2) is 1.2 pu.
 Scheduled load (negative injection) at bus (3) is 1.5 pu.
 DC case is analyzed for sake of convenience

The bus powers can be expressed as non-linear functions of bus voltages in residue form
as:
P1cal (V1,V2,V3) = V1(Y11V1 + Y12V2 + Y13V3) = 0 (P1cal =V1I1 or P1cal -V1I1= 0)
P2cal (V1,V2,V3) = V2(Y21V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3) = 0
P3cal (V1,V2,V3) = V3(Y31V1 + Y32V2 + Y33V3) = 0

Using Taylor series expansion we can “guess” that V1(0) = 1, which will eliminate P1 from
the calculations, by making V1 = 0, to arrive at:

P2 dP2 dP2 V2

= - dV2 dV3
P3 dP3 dP3 V3
dV2 dV3
Or in compact notation:
[ P ] = -[ J ] x [ V ]
Where:

P2 = P2Sch - P2cal or P2 = P2Sch - V2(0)(Y11V1(0) + Y22V2(0) + Y23V3(0))

P3 = P3Sch - P3cal or P3 = P3Sch - V3(0)(Y31V1(0) + Y32V2(0) + Y33V3(0))

Since V1 = 10 (slack bus), V1 = 0 and is eliminated from the equations. Now V2 and
V3 can be calculated from:

V2 P2 V2 = V2(old) - V2(new)

V3 = -[ J ]-1 P3 V3 = V3(old) - V3(new)

V2 = V2 + P2
V3 new V3 old [ J ]-1 P3
V(old)

The elements of the J matrices are:

dP2 / dV2 = Y21 V1 + 2Y22 V2 + Y23 V3

dP2 / dV3 = Y23 V2
dP3 / dV2 = Y32 V3
dP3 / dV3 = Y21 V1 + Y32 V2 + 2Y33 V3
Newton-Raphson method continued.

Assume: V2(0) = 1& V3(0) = 1. Then the elements of the matrix are:

dP2 / dV2 = -4 + 2*9 - 5 = 9

dP2 / dV3 = -5
dP3 / dV2 = -5
dP3 / dV3 = -10 - 5 + 2*15 = 15

Therefore the Jacobian matrix is:

[J]= 9 -5 and [ J ]-1 = 1 15 5

-5 15 110 5 9

The mismatch power at each bus is:

P2 = 1.2 - 1(-4 + 9 - 5) = 1.2

P3 = -1.5 - 1(-10 - 5 + 15) = -1.5

V2 = 1 + 1 15 5 1.2
V3 1 110 5 9 -1.5

V2 = 1.095
V3 0.932