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 Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques
to be used for linear and angular measurements 1
and for computing the areas of plots C2 (Engineering
Knowledge)
Surveying
Surveying
 SURVEYING:

The art of determining the relative

positions of distinctive features on the
surface of earth or beneath the surface
of earth, by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations, is
called surveying.
 OR
Surveying is the art of making such
measurements as will determine the
relative positions of points on the
surface of the earth in order that the
shape and extent of any portion of the
earth’s surface may be ascertained on a
map or a plan.
 OR

A process of determining the position

of points on the surface of earth or
beneath the surface of earth in a
horizontal plane is called “Surveying”.
Importance of Surveying

 The planning and design of all Civil Engineering

projects such as construction of highways, bridges,
tunnels, dams etc. are based upon surveying
measurements.

 Moreover, during execution, project of any

magnitude is constructed along the lines and points
established by surveying.
 Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil
Engineering projects.
Other principal works in which surveying is
primarily utilized are:
 To fix the national and state
boundaries;
 To chart coastlines, navigable streams
and lakes;
 To execute hydrographic and
oceanographic charting and mapping; an
 To prepare topographic map of land
surface of the earth.
Objectives of Surveying:
 To collect field data;

 To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed;

 To analyze and to calculate the field parameters

for setting out operation of actual engineering

works.

 To set out field parameters at the site for

further engineering works.

Objective of Surveying
Objective of Surveying
Objective of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
We know that the shape of the earth is
spheroidal. Thus the surface is obviously
curved. Surveying is primarily divided into
two types considering the curvature of the
earth’s surface.
 Plane Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying
 Plane Surveying

 The plane surveying is that type of surveying in which

earth surface is considered as a plane and the
curvature of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a
line joining any two stations is considered to be
straight. The triangle formed by any three points is
considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the
triangle are considered as plain angles.

 Plain Surveying is carried out for a small area of less

than 250 km22 . It is carried out by local or state
agencies like R & B department, Irrigation
department, Railway department.
Plane Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying
 The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in
which the curvature of the earth is taken into
account.
 It is generally extended over larger areas.
 The line joining any two stations is considered as
curved line. The triangle formed by any three points
is considered to be spherical and the angles of the
triangle are considered to be spherical angles.
 Geodetic surveying is conducted by the Survey of
Pakistan Department and is carried out for a larger
area exceeding 250 km22
Geodetic Surveying
 Plane Surveying Vs Geodetic
Surveying
No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as Curved
plane Surface. Surface.

2. The Curvature of the earth is ignored
3 Line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight
4. The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plane
5. The angles of triangle are considered
as plane angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < 250
km2
The curvature of earth is taken into account.
The line joining any two stations is considered
as spherical.
The Triangle formed by any three points is
considered as spherical.
The angles of the triangle are considered as
spherical angles.
Carried out for a small area > 250 km2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SURVEYING
 CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE THE FIELD OF SURVEYS:

(1) LAND SURVEYS:

It is further divided into four parts.

(a) Topographical Survey:

This is done for determining the natural features of a
country such as hills, valleys, rivers, nallas, lakes, woods,
etc. and also the artificial features such as roads,
railways are determined.
(b) Cadastral Survey:
In this type of survey the additional details such as
boundaries of fields, houses and other properties,
pathways are determined.
(c) City Survey:
This type of survey is done for laying out plots and
constructing streets, water supply systems and
sewers.
(d) Engineering Survey:
It is used for determining quantities and for
collecting data for the design of engineering works
such as roads, railways, reservoirs and works
connection with water supply, sewerage, etc.
 Engineering Survey
is further sub-divided into:
(a)Reconnaissance Survey:
It is used for determining the feasibility
and rough cost of the scheme.
(b) Preliminary Survey:
It is used for collecting more precise data
to choose the best location for the work
and to estimate the exact quantities and
costs.
(c) Location Survey:
This Type of survey is used for setting out
the work on the ground.
(2) MARINE OR SEA SURVEY
This survey is done for finding objects from
water, sea; etc. This is also done for
navigation purpose.
(3) ASTRONOMICAL SURVEY
This type of survey is done for getting
knowledge about the astronomical objects
such as moon, stars, etc.
 CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE OBJECT /PURPOSE OF
SURVEYS:

(1) Geological Survey:

This type of survey is to be carried out to
determine the different strata in the earth’s
crust.
(2) Archaeological Survey:
This type of survey is to be carried for
unearthing relics of antiquity (ancient times).
(3) Mine Survey:
This type of survey is to be carried for
exploring mineral wealth such as gold, silver,
coal, etc.
(4) Military Survey:
Military survey is done for determining points
of strategic importance both offensive and
defensive for locating suitable locations.
 CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE METHODS /EMPLOYED IN SURVEY:
(1) Triangulation Survey:
In this type of survey the whole area which is to be surveyed is
divided into a number of triangles.
(2) Traverse Survey:
In this type of survey there is the series of connecting lines,
length of these lines is measured with the chain or tape and
angles are measured with the help of angle measuring
instrument.
There are two types of this survey:
(a) Closed traverse Survey (b) Open traverse Survey
 CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED:

(1) Chain Surveys:

This type of survey is also called triangulation survey.
In this type of survey sides of triangles are measured
with the chain or tape, so we can say that angular
measurements are concerned with this type of
survey.

(2) Compass Surveys:

This survey is used for measuring angles.
(3) Plane table Surveys:
This is a graphical method of survey, in which field
work and office work (plotting) both are done
simultaneously (at a time) .In this survey plane table
instrument is used.
(4) Theodolite Survey:
In this we can easily find horizontal and vertical
angles by using theodolite and lengths are measured
by using chain or tape, etc.
(5) Tachometric Survey:
In this type of survey horizontal, vertical angles and
distance are measured directly
(6) Photographic Survey/Aerial Survey:
In this type of survey photographs of the area are
taken .There are two types of photographic survey.
(a) Ground Photography:
In this photographs of ground are taken, which are
used for plans or projections.
(b) Aerial Photography Survey:
This type of survey is done by the help of areoplanes
to drive out the photographs of hilly areas.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Technology is rapidly changing the
surveying profession.
What used to take weeks or months can
now be done in a single day with
computerized tools
 Principle of Surveying
 To work from whole to the part
According to this principle, it is always desirable to
carryout survey work from whole to part.
First a system of control points is to be established
covering the whole area with very high precision. Then
minor details are located by less precise methods.
 Principle of Surveying
 Locating the station with at
least two reference point
According to this principle,
the relative position of a point
to be surveyed should be
located by measurement from
at least two points of
reference, the positions of
which have already been
fixed.

If P and Q are the two reference points on

the ground, any other point, such as R, can
be located by any of the direct methods
shown in the above figures.