Slide Presentations for ECE 329,

Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,

to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 4.6

Boundary Conditions
 4.6-3

Why boundary conditions?

Medium Medium
1 2

Inc.
wave Trans.
wave

Ref.
wave
 4.6-4

Maxwell’s equations in integral form must be satisfied

regardless of where the contours, surfaces, and volumes are.

Example:

C3

C1 C2

Medium 1 Medium 2
 4.6-5

Example of derivation of boundary conditions

d
C E . d l   dt S B . d S
Medium 1
an as
a b

d c
Medium 2

Lim Lim d
ad 0
bc 0
 abcda
E . d l   ad 0
bc  0
area
dt abcd
B .
 dS
 4.6-6

Eab  ab   Ecd  cd   0
Eab  Edc  0
aab .  E1  E2   0
as × an .  E1  E2   0
as . an ×  E1  E2   0

an ×  E1  E2   0
or,
Et1  Et 2  0
 4.6-7

Summary of boundary conditions

an ×  E1  E2   0 or Et1  Et 2  0

an ×  H1  H2   J S or H t1  H t 2  J S

an .  D1  D2   S or Dn1  Dn 2  S

an .  B1  B2   0 or Bn1  Bn 2  0
 4.6-8

Perfect Conductor Surface

(No time-varying fields inside a perfect conductor. Also
no static electric field; may be a static magnetic field.)
Assuming both E and H to be zero inside, on the surface,

an × E = 0 or Et  0

an × H = J S or Ht  J S

an .D  S or Dn  S

an . B  0 or Bn  0
 4.6-9

an E

E
+ -

 

an

JS H H JS

 
 4.6-10

Dielectric-Dielectric Interface
S  0, J S  0

an ×  E1  E2   0 or Et1  Et 2

an ×  H1  H2   0 or Ht 1  H
Ett22

an .  D1  D2   0 or Dn1  Dn 2

an .  B1  B2   0 or Bn1  Bn 2
 4.6-11

an Dn1 En1
Medium 1, e0
Et1

Et2 Dn2 En2

Medium 2, 3e0

an
Bn1 Hn1
Medium 1, m 0
Ht1
Ht2 Bn2 Hn2
Medium 2, 2m0
 4.6-12
Example:
D4.13 At a point on a perfect conductor surface,
(a) D  D0  ax  2a y  2az  and pointing away from

the surface. SFind . D0 is positive.

D D0  ax  2a y  2az 
an  
D D0 ax  2a y  2az
2
D D
S  an .D = . D =
D D
 D  D0 ax  2a y  2a z  3D0
 4.6-13

 
(b) D  D0 0.6 a x  0.8 a y and pointing toward the

surface. D0 is positive.

D
an  
D
2
D D
S  an .D =  . D = 
D D
  D   D0 0.6 ax  0.8 a y
  D0
 4.6-14

Example: 2 perfect dielectrics, =0, Jc = E=0

z r>a
E  E a for r  a.
1 0 z e2 =e0
(0, 0, a) 2
 a a 
 0, , 
 2 2 

(a) At  0, 0, a  , 1 (0, a, 0)
y
an  a z r<a an
e1 =2e0
E1 is entirely normal.
 D2  D1  2  0 E1
D2
E2   2E1  2 E0 az
0
 4.6-15

(b) At  0, a, 0  ,
an  a y
E1 is entirely tangential
E2  E1  E0 az

 a a 
(c) At  0, , ,
 2 2
1
an 
2
 a y  az 

an ×  E2  E1   0 
 Solve.
an .  D2  D1   0 