Process Calc Equations

Process calculations
UNIT-I
Basic chemical calculations: Mole, atomic mass,
molar mass, equivalent mass, stoichiometric and Video Box Position
composition relationships for solids, liquids,
solutions, gases: Weight percent, volume percent
and mole percent, density and specific gravity,
Behaviour of ideal gases, application of the ideal gas
law, Dalton and Amagat laws of gaseous mixtures,
Composition of gases on dry and wet basis
Monday, November 29, 2021 Department of Biotechnology, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EBT201, Process Calculations 1
UNIT-II
• Gases, Vapours and Liquids: Equations of state, Vapor

pressure, effect of temperature on vapor pressure: Video Box Position
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Antoine equation. Reference

substance vapor pressure plots: Cox chart and Duhring‟s
plot, Vapor pressure of immiscible liquids, Ideal solutions
and Raoult's law, non-volatile solutes, humidity, saturation,
humid heat, humid volume, Dew point, humidity chart and
its uses. Wet and dry bulb temperatures. Adiabatic
vaporization and adiabatic saturation temperature.
Today’s Class
• Gases, Vapours and Liquids: Equations of Video Box Position
state, Vapor pressure, effect of temperature

on vapor pressure: Clausius-Clapeyron
equation, Antoine equation.
STATE
A system will posses unique set of properties,

such as pressure, temperature, density and so Video Box Position
on and thus is said to be in a particular state.
Real gas vs Ideal gas
Four methods for predicting real gas
properties. Video Box Position
1. Equations of state
2. Compressibility charts
3. Estimated properties
4. Actual experimental data
Equations of state
Relate the p – V- T properties of a pure substance
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By theoretical or empirical relations
Example – Ideal gas law
Few commonly used equations that involve two or more

coefficients
Equations of state
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Equations of state
Must represent the experimental data

for P – V – T properties in the gas regions Video Box Position
with reasonable precision
VAPOUR PRESSURE AND LIQUIDS
A gas that exists below its critical temperature
is called vapor Video Box Position
Because it can condense
Gas is nondensable
VAPORISATION and CONDENSATION
At constant temperature and pressure are
equilibrium processes Video Box Position
The equilibrium pressure is called vapor

pressure
VAPOR PRESSURE
At a given temperature, there is only one

pressure at which liquid and vapor phases of a Video Box Position
pure substance may exist in equilibrium.
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SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE
When the vapour of a liquid exists under

conditions so that its partial pressure is equal Video Box Position
to the equilibrium vapour pressure
Ready to condense
UNSATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE
When the vapour of a liquid exists under
conditions so that its partial pressure is less tha Video Box Position
the equilibrium vapour pressure
Not ready to condense
superheated vapour
BOILING POINT
The temperature of the liquid at which the

equilibrium vapour pressure is equal to the Video Box Position
total pressure surrounding the liquid surface is
called boiling point.
It increases with increase in total pressure

and decreases with decrease in total pressure.
BOILING POINT
The boiling point of a liquid may be
determined by
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NORMAL BOILING POINT
The temperature of the liquid at which the
equilibrium vapour pressure is equal to the
atmospheric pressure at sea level is called Video Box Position
normal boiling point.
It is also known as atmospheric pressure
boiling point.
When the boiling of a liquid takes place under
a pressure of 760 mmHg, then it is called
standard boiling.
Effect of Temperature on Vapour
Pressure
• The effect of temperature on vapour pressure of
a liquid is given by Clausius Clapeyron equation. Video Box Position
Clausius Clapeyron equation
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If the volume of liquid is neglected and

applicability of the ideal gas
• If the vapour of the liquid obey’s the ideal gas law,

then the Clausius Clapeyron equation is more Video Box Position
accurate at low temperature and low pressure.
• Assuming the molal heat of vaporization is

constant.
• When the temperature does not vary over a wide
range of limit, may be integrated between the
limit P0, T0 and P, T,
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limitation
• is that the latent heat of vaporization (l)
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is constant.
• It obeys ideal gas law.
ANTOINE Equation
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Problem-1
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Molecular weight of ethyl ether = 74.
Solution to Problem-1
Molecular weight of ethyl ether = 74.
λ = (92.5 × 74) = 6845 cal/g mole Video Box Position
R = 1.99 cal/g mole K

T0 = 273 K, T1 = 293 K, T2 = 308 K
At 20 °C,
Log (p/185) = (6845/(2.303 ×1.99))((1/273)-(1/293))
Therefore, p = 437 mm Hg
Problem-2
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Process Calc Equations

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Process Calc Equations

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Process calculations

• Gases, Vapours and Liquids: Equations of state, Vapor

Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Antoine equation. Reference

• Gases, Vapours and Liquids: Equations of Video Box Position

state, Vapor pressure, effect of temperature

A system will posses unique set of properties,

Video Box Position

Example – Ideal gas law

Few commonly used equations that involve two or more

Video Box Position

Must represent the experimental data

with reasonable precision

Because it can condense

The equilibrium pressure is called vapor

At a given temperature, there is only one

When the vapour of a liquid exists under

Not ready to condense

The temperature of the liquid at which the

It increases with increase in total pressure

Video Box Position

If the volume of liquid is neglected and

• If the vapour of the liquid obey’s the ideal gas law,

• Assuming the molal heat of vaporization is

Video Box Position

Video Box Position

Video Box Position

Video Box Position

Molecular weight of ethyl ether = 74.

R = 1.99 cal/g mole K

Video Box Position

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