MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF LAW

Legal History of Pakistan and India 1

LEGAL HISOTRY OF PAKISTAN AND INDIA
LAW 1205

Lecture [18] :Pakistan Movement

Rizwana Yasir
(Lecturer)

2
Date: July 14, 2021
Legal History of Pakistan and India
 OUTLINE

• Sir Syed and Ideological Rationale

• Urdu Hindi Controversy

• Muslims as a Nation

• Sir Syed Ahmed and Two Nation Theory

• Political services of Tehreek-e-Aligarh

• Educational Services of Aligarh Movement

• Literary Services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

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 SIR SYED AND IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi. After early education he joined
East India Company in 1835 as a sub clerk in the Court of law. In 1846 he
promoted to Chief Judge. During the war of independence (1857) he was in
Bajnor where he saved British women and children putting himself into the risk.
Owing to this service Sir Syed was asked to work as a Governor but he refused
because he wanted to serve the Muslims.

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SIR SYED AND IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

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 SIR SYED AND IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE
•Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ( 1817 – 1898) Initially worked for East India Company as a
Jurist.

•After the 1857 Independence war, he published “The Causes of Indian Mutiny”

(Rasala asbaab baghaawat e Hind) a daring analysis at the time.

• Established Aligarh Muslim University ( 1875).

•Founded Scientific Society of Aligarh Denounced Congress for being pro-hindu and
established Muslim League.

•Sir Syed was criticized by Ulema at the time for his approach towards religion.

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 URDU HINDI CONTROVERSY

• Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but
in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.
• To gain the objectives, they declared numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir
Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together.
• Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language.
• Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defence of
Urdu.

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 MUSLIM AS A NATION

• Sir Syed used the word Nation for the Muslims.

• Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation.
• But as a matter of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the working
relationship between the two nations as once he said:
• Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which affected their
progress.
• He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would
override the interests of the minority.

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 Cont…..

• In 1888 he set up the Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the

Congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the
Muslims emotions.
• In December 1893 Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was
to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims.

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 SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND TWO NATION THEORY

• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Indian Muslim political leader who used the word
Nation for the Muslims of the sub-continent in 1867.
• During the Urdu Hindi Controversy he came forward with two nation concept and
declared that the Muslims were a separate nation having their own culture and
civilization.
• He talked to Mr. Shakespeare, Governor of Banaras and explained the two nation
theory as: “Hindi Urdu conflict is the starting of the space of separation between
Hindus and Muslims which will gradually increase and a day will come when both the
nations will separate from each other after division.”
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Cont…..

• After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and
Muslims to progress as a single nation.
• He said:
“I am convinced (sure) now that Hindu and Muslims could never become one nation
as their religion and way of life was quite different from each other.”

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POLITICAL SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

• Two Nation Theory

• Quota in services

• Advice to avoid politics

• Urdu Hindi Controversy

• Behaviour towards Indian National Congress

• Political Reforms

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POLITICAL SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

 Two Nation Theory:
He was no doubt in the favour of Hindu Muslim unity in the beginning but after Urdu-Hindi
Controversy he came to know the nature of the Hindu nation. First time in the History he
used the word Nation for the Muslim in 1867. He was the founder of two-nation theory in
sub-continent. On the basis of Two Nation Theory, Sir Syed asked for special safeguards for
the Muslims indifferent fields. Special seats for the Muslims in the local councils.
 Quota in services
Started a movement against the open competitive examinations for superior services
Rejected the government of the majorities because that could lead to the monopoly of the
Hindus.
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Cont….

 Advice to Avoid Politics:
 After the war of 1857, he advised the Muslims to remain away from politics until they would
become strong in education.
 Urdu Hindi Controversy:
 After Urdu Hindi Controversy in Bin eras Sir Syed understood the mentality of the Hindus and
he pressurized the British to avoid replacing Urdu with Hindi.

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Cont…..

 Behaviour  towards Indian National Congress:
Sir Syed forbade the Muslims to join the Indian National Congress founded by A.O. Hume in
1885, as he could understand the objectives of this party.
  Political Reforms:
He restrained the Muslims from joining congress and struggle for special seat of the Muslims
in local council. He also started a movement against the open competitive exams to avoid the
monopoly of the Hindus.

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 Educational Services of Aligarh Movement:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted the Muslim nation to be educated to keep pace with the modern
advancement. He was of the opinion that honour of the nation could be achieved only by
education. He advised the Muslims to get the most modern western education. He established
educational institutions for the Muslim youth and guided them both theoretically and
practically.
1. School in Muradabad
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institution in Muradabad 1859. That was a
Persian school.
2. School in Ghazi Pur
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a school in Ghazi Pur in 1862.
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 Educational Services of Aligarh Movement:

3. Scientific Society:
Sir Syed established a unique institution Scientific Society in Ghazipur in 1863. The
Headquarters of this society were shifted to Aligarh in 1876. The purpose of its establishment
was to acquire the books in other languages, and translate them in Urdu. Sir Syed stressed upon
the need for education in English language so that the Muslim generation could learn the
Western are modern knowledge as soon as possible.
4. Establishment of M.A.O. School Aligarh
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan set up M.A.O. School in Aligarh in 1875; later on (in 1877) it was upgraded
to college. This institution became Muslim University Aligarh in 1920.

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 Assignment No.01

• Literary And scholarly Services Of Aligarh

Movement
• ‫تحریک علی گڑھ کی علمی وادبی خدمات‬

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THANKS