山东丽村电站技术有限公司

Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

直流电动机的构造、原理 structure and principle of DC motor

一、直流电机的优缺点

优点 advantage ：
(1) 调速性能好 , 调速范围广 , 易于平滑调节。 speed regulation
performance is good, speed regulation scope wide,easy to smooth
regulation
(2) 起动、制动转矩大 , 易于快速起动、停车。 Big torque for start and
braking, easy to quick sart and stop.
(3) 易于控制 easy to control 。
缺点：结构复杂 structure complicated ，维修不便 it is not easy to
overhaul ，造价高 Cost is high
。
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

二、 直流电动机的构造 极心 pole shank

直流电机由定 极掌 pole
子 (磁极 )、转子
(电枢 )和机座等
shoe + N 励磁绕组 exciting w
+
部分构成。 +
DC motor including
机座 engine ba
b
stator ,rotor and engine

+
+
+
base
S S

+
+
+
+
转子 rotor N +
+

直流电动机的磁极 pole 和磁
路 magnetic circuit
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

• 直流电动机结构主要是定子和转子两部分。 Two
main part of DC motor structure is stator and
rotor.
• 定子主要包括主磁极、换向极、机座和端盖、电
刷装置。 Stator including: main
pole,commutating pole 、 engine base and end
cap, brush gear.
• 转子主要包括电枢绕组、电枢铁芯、换向
器。 rotor including: armature winding 、
armature core and commutator 。
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

三、 直流电机的分类 classify of DC motor

直流电机按照励磁方式可分为他励电动机、并励电动机、串励电动机和复
励电动机 DC motor divided into separately excited motor, shunt motor 、
series motor and compound motor according to excitation type

1. 他励电动机 separately excited motor

励磁绕组和电枢绕组分别由两个直流电源供电。 Two DC power sourec
respectively supply power to field winding and armature winding.
I
+ + +
+
Uf If M Ia U If I U
E M_ a
_ _ Rst _

Rf Rst Rf

他励
2. 并励电动机 , shunt motor 并励 并励
励磁绕组和电枢绕组并联，由一个直流电源供电。 exciting winding and armatu
in parallel,supply power by one power source.
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

3. 串励电动机 series motor

励磁线圈与转子电枢串联接到同一电源上。 magnet exciting coil and rotor arm
Cascade ,connect to the same power source 。
If Ia I
+ + Ia
M
U U M
_
_
串励 复励
4. 复励电动机 compound motor
励磁线圈与转子电枢的联接有串有并，接在同一电源上。 magnet
exciting coil and rotor armature series and in parallel ， connect to the
same power source
 brush gear 电刷

换向器作用： b
将外部直流电
转换成内部的 N F n
I
交流电，以保
a d T
持转矩方向不
变。 Function of
F
commutator:change
I
external DC to
interior AC,and keep direction
c commutator segment 换向片
of torque not change S
– U +
山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

电刷
b
N E F
I n
a d T
F
– U + E
c I
S
换向片
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

• 直流电动机工作原理是：在直流电机加入直流电压后会在直流电机的定子励
磁线圈中产生磁场， 在转子线圈中通入直流电流后，根据“左手定则”就会
在转子中产生电动力，与磁场相互作用，就使电机旋转起来，转矩的大小与
磁场的强度和转子电流成正比，电流越大转矩越大，对外做功能力越
大。 working principle of DC motor : In the stator magnet
exciting coil of DC motor can produce magnetic field
after the DC motor Join the DC voltage. After rotor coil
passed into the DC current, according to “the left hand
low” will produce electric power in the rotor, interaction
with the magnetic field, which makes the motor spin up.
The size of the torque 、 magnetic field strength and
the rotor current is direct proportion :the big current the
big torque, and then the big power capability to external.
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

直流电动机铭牌参数： DC motor nameplate parameters

• （ 1 ）额定功率 Pn 。发电机的额定功率是指出线端的电
功率输出，等于额定电压和额定电流的乘积，即
Pn=Un*In Rated power 额定功率 Pn: Generator rated
power is refer to the electric power output of the line, is
equal to the product of rated voltage 额定电压 and rated
current 额定电流 . Pn=Un*In.
• 电动机的额定功率是指轴上的机械功率输出，等于额定电
压乘以额定电流再乘以额定效率，即 Pn=Un*Inηn 额定功
率的单位为 W 或 KW 。 The electric motor rated power
is refer to mechanical power output of axle , Equal to the
rated voltage time the rated current then time the rated
efficiency again. (Pn=Un*Inηn) Rated power unit is W or
KW.
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

• 2 ）额定电压 Un 。额定电压是指在额定条件下，发电机供
给负荷的端电压或电动机两端所加的电压，单位为
V 。 Rated voltage Un: Rated voltage refer to under the
rated conditions ,the terminal voltage or boost at both ends
of motor from generator that supply to load. Unit is V.
• 直流电动机的额定电压一般不高。电动机的额定电压有 110
、 220 、 440 、 630 、 800 、 1000V 等级，发电机的额定
电压有 48 、 72 、 115 、 230 、 400 、 630 、 1000V 等级
。
• The rated voltage of the DC motor is generally not high.
The rated voltage of the motor there are
110 、 220 、 440 、 630 、 800 、 1000V etc. The rated
voltage of the generator there are 48 、 72 、 115 、 230
、 400 、 630 、 1000V etc.
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

• 额定电流 In 。额定电流是指发电机带额定负载时
输出的电流，或电动机带额定机械负载的输出电
流，单位为 A 。 Rated current (In) The rated
current is refer to the output current when the
generator with a rated load . Unit is A.
• （ 4 ）额定转速 Nn 。额定转速是指额定功率、
额定电压、额定电流时的转速，单位为 r/min.
• Rated speed (Nn). Rated speed refers to the
speed of rated power, rated voltage, rated
current. Unit is r/min.
 山东丽村电站技术有限公司
Shandong Licun Power Plant Technology Co., Ltd.

• 励磁方式和额定励磁电流。额定励磁电流，对发
电机而言，指出线端电压为额定值、电流为额定
值时的励磁电流；对应于电动机而言，指线端加
有额定电压、输入额定电流、转速为额定值时的
励磁电流。 Excitation type and rated excitation
current.
• Rated excitation current, for generator,it means
exciting current when voltage from end of line is
rated value,current is rated value; for motor,it
means exciting current when plusing rated
voltage at the end of line, input rated current ,
revolving speed is rated value.