3.1 All living organisms consist of cells.

• Some living organisms

have just one cell.

• Some living organisms

have trillions of cells.
Cells are the
fundamental
units of life.

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 3.1 Cells can be grouped into two categories.
• Prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells
– Small, simple cells – Larger, complex cells
– No organelles – Membrane-enclosed organelles
– First appeared 3.5 BYA – First appeared 2.1 BYA
– Unicellular – Unicellular or multicellular

Are you a prokaryote

or a eukaryote?

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 3.1 Cells can be grouped into two categories.

• Prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells

– Bacteria and Archaea – Plants, Animals, Fungi,
and Protists

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 3.2 Animals and Plants are made of
eukaryotic cells that contain organelles.
• Compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells are relatively large (10-fold bigger)
and more complex.
• Eukaryotic cells contain
organelles, which are
membrane-enclosed
structures that perform
specific functions.

Prokaryotes do not contain organelles!

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 3.2 Structure of an idealized animal cell

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 3.2 Structure of an idealized plant cell

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 3.3 Every cell is surrounded by a plasma
membrane.
• All cells are
surrounded by a
plasma membrane.

• Membranes regulate
the passage of
materials.

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 3.3 Membranes are made of lipids

• Plasma membranes are made from two

layers of phospholipids and integrated
proteins.

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 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Watery fluid outside cell

INTRACELLULAR FLUID
Watery fluid inside cell

Plasma membrane

Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic heads
heads extend
extend toward
toward the
the
intracellular
intracellular and
and extracellular
extracellular fluid,
fluid,
and
and hydrophobic
hydrophobic tails
tails are
are directed
directed
away from these watery fluids.
away from these watery fluids.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Extracellular fluid
CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS CHOLESTEROL
Provide a “fingerprint” for Helps the membrane
the retain its flexibility
cell, so it can be recognized
by other cells

REACTIONS

REACTIONS
Intracellular fluid

RECEPTOR PROTEINS RECOGNITION PROTEINS TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Bind to external chemicals Provide a “fingerprint” for Provide a passageway for
in order to regulate the cell, so it can be molecules to travel into
processes within the cell recognized by other cells and out of the cell

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 Extracellular
CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS CHOLESTEROL
fluid
Provide a “fingerprint” for Helps the
the membrane
cell, so it can be recognized retain its flexibility
by other cells

REACTIONS

REACTIONS
Intracellular
fluid
RECEPTOR PROTEINS RECOGNITION PROTEINS TRANSPORT PROTEINS ENZYMATIC PROTEINS
Bind to external Provide a “fingerprint” for Provide a passageway Accelerate intracellular
chemicals the cell, so it can be for and
in order to regulate recognized by other cells molecules to travel into extracellular reactions on
processes within the cell and out of the cell the plasma membrane

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 The thick and sticky mucus produced by someone with cystic fibrosis collects in the
lungs, impairing lung function and increasing the risk of bacterial infection.

The vest, by inflating and

“Thumping” on the chest and back can deflating rapidly, can have a
loosen the mucus. similar effect in the course of a
20-minute session.

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 Adrenal Extracellular fluid Beta-blocker
Kidney
gland chemicals
Adrenaline

Beta-receptors
Intracellular fluid

1 In stressful 2 Adrenaline binds with 3 Beta-blocker chemicals

situations, beta-receptors on cells, bind to receptors and
the adrenal glands causing a faster heartbeat prevent adrenaline from
pump out and increased blood binding to the cell.
adrenaline. pressure.
By binding to adrenaline receptors, beta-blockers
reduce anxiety symptoms.
 Liver transplant recipient

Molecular fingerprint (on membrane

surfaces)
of recipient

Donor liver

Molecular fingerprint
(on membrane
surfaces)
of donor liver

POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

Liver is accepted
after drugs are
Liver is
administered to
rejected.
suppress the
immune system.

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 Identify the following scenario too be due to:
Transport Protein
Recognition Protein
Receptor Protein
 
_____1. Cystic Fibrosis is a condition in which an ion of
Chloride is not able to pass through the plasma membrane.
_____ 2. You are only able to receive a blood transfusion from
persons with certain blood types.
_____ 3. Insulin is a hormone that attaches onto protein that
causes a transport protein to open and allow glucose into your
cell. To what type of protein does insulin attach?
cell once it is made?

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 Identify the following scenario too be due to:
Transport Protein
Recognition Protein
Receptor Protein
 
_____4. Taste is perceived because molecules attach to the
cell membranes of taste buds that then send a signal to the
brain. To what type of protein do these molecules attach?
_____5. Organ rejection is due to what type of membrane
protein?
_____ 6. Testosterone is made is specialized cells of the
testes. Through which type of protein does the testosterone
leave the cell once it is made?

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 3.4 Passive transport: Diffusion
Higher concentration
• Diffusion is the
movement of
molecules from an
area of higher
concentration to an
area of lower
concentration.

Lower concentration
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 3.4 Passive transport: Osmosis
Lower concentration
• The diffusion of
water is called
osmosis.
• Water will always
flow from an area of
higher water
concentration to an
area of lower water
concentration.
Higher concentration
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Osmosis STILL works to accomplish
EQUILLIBRIUM
What causes wrinkles in the
bathtub?

Water moves into your body

Water leaves your body

Tonicity
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 Explain why bacteria find it
difficult to survive in jam.
Use the processes of
diffusion/osmosis to explain.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 3.5 The nucleus contains most of the cell’s
DNA stored in chromosomes.
• The nucleus, surrounded by an envelope
and containing DNA, directs the activities
of the cell.

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 3.6 Several organelles are involved in
protein manufacture.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)

Ribosomes
floating or
attached to ER

Golgi Apparatus

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 FUNCTION
• Modifies proteins that will be
shipped to other locations in
the endomembrane system,
the cell surface, or outside
the cell
Ribosomes

Rough
Rough ERER is
is covered
covered in
in
ribosomes.
ribosomes. Ribosomes are
Ribosomes are
protein-making
protein-making machines.
machines.
 • Ribosomes are where proteins are made.
• Some ribosomes are bound to the
membrane of the rough ER.
• Other ribosomes float freely in the
cytoplasm.

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 FUNCTION
• Detoxifies molecules such as alcohol,
drugs, and metabolic waste products,
and produces LIPIDS

Smooth
Smooth ERER is
is called
called
“smooth”
“smooth” because
because itit has
has
no
no ribosomes
ribosomes on on its
its
surface.
surface.

Liver cells are packed with huge

amounts of smooth ER, because the
liver is the primary site for detoxifying
harmful molecules.
 3.6 Proteins are finalized and packaged in
the Golgi apparatus.
• The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and
ships cell products.
• The Golgi apparatus finishes cell products
in vesicles, small bubbles made of
membrane.

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 3.6 Lysosomes are a type of vesicle that
contains digestive enzymes.
• Lysosomes can dissolve large food
molecules, old cellular components, or
invasive organisms such as bacteria.

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 3.7 The Mitochondrion

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 Glucose
C6H12O6

Chemical energy is a form of potential

energy stored in chemical bonds.

CHEMICAL
ENERGY

Food is a form of
chemical energy!
 Plant Cells
• Chloroplasts
• Central Vacuole
• Cell Wall

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 3.7 The chloroplast

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 PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION

ENERGY
FROM
SUNLIGHT

MITOCHONDRION

CHLOROPLAST ATP MOLECULES

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 Solar Salamander
-What 2 organisms are living
SYMBIOTICALLY?
-What does each organism gain from
the relationship?
-Why is this significant in a
vertebrate?
 3.8 Vacuoles function in the general
maintenance of the cell
• Many plant cells have a very large
CENTRAL VACUOLE.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 3.8 Some cells are supported by a rigid
CELL WALL surrounding the membrane
• Plants can stand upright in part because
their rigid cell walls are made of cellulose.

Note: Animal cells do

not have a cell wall!

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 ANCESTOR TO EUKARYOTES
DNA
Origin of Plasma membrane

Organelles?
ANCESTRAL
PROKARYOTE
Proficient at converting
food and oxygen into energy

1 Ancestral eukaryote
engulfs prokaryote.

2 Ancestral eukaryote and

prokaryote merge.

Mitochondrion

3 Over time, the engulfed

prokaryote evolves into
an organelle, such as a
mitochondrion or a
chloroplast.

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 Directs cellular activity
and stores hereditary
information
Nucleus
Provides structural
shape and support
and enables cellular
Cytoskeleto movement
n
Harvests energy for
cellular functions
Mitochondrion
Digests and recycles
cellular waste
products and
Lysosome consumed material
Modifies proteins
that will be shipped
elsewhere in the
Rough ER organism
 Synthesizes lipids and
detoxifies molecules
Smooth ER
Processes and
packages proteins,
lipids, and other
Golgi apparatus molecules
Stores nutrients,
degrades waste
products, provides
pigments and
Cell wall structural support
Provides structural
strength, protection,
Sometimes
and increased resistance
to water loss
Vacuole

Performs
photosynthesis
Chloroplast
 In a far away city called Grant City, the main export and
production product is the steel widget. Everyone in the town
has something to do with steel widget making and the entire
town is designed to build and export widgets. The town hall has
the instructions for widget making, widgets come in all shapes
and sizes and any citizen of Grant can get the instructions and
begin making their own widgets. Widgets are generally
produced in small shops around the city, these small shops can
be located in a strip mall (whose headquarters are located right
outside of town hall).

1.Mitochondria______________________________________
2.Ribosomes_______________________________________
3. Nucleus ________________________________________ 
4. Endoplasmic
Reticulum______________________________ 
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 After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special
carts which can deliver the widget anywhere in the city. In order
for a widget to be exported, the carts take the widget to
the postal office, where the widgets are stored and labeled for
export. Sometimes widgets don't turn out right, and the "rejects"
are sent to the scrap yard where they are broken down for parts
or destroyed altogether. The town powers the widget shops and
carts from a hydraulic dam that is in the city. The entire city is
enclosed by a large wooden fence, only the postal trucks (and
citizens with proper passports) are allowed outside the city.

5. Golgi Apparatus_________________________________ 
6. Protein ______________________________________ 
7. Cell Membrane_________________________________ 
8.Lysosomes______________________________________
9. Vesicle _______________________________________

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