Cavite

muTINy
IN 1872
•

Religious movements such as the cofradía and colorums expressed an inchoate desire of
their members to be rid of the Spanish and discover a promised land that would reflect
memories of a world that existed before the coming of the colonists.
Nationalism in the modern sense developed in an urban context, in Manila and the major
towns and, perhaps more significantly, in Spain and other parts of Europe where Filipino
students and exiles were exposed to modern intellectual currents.
Folk religion, for all its power, did not form the basis of the national ideology. Yet the
millenarian tradition of rural revolt would merge with the Europeanized nationalism of the
ilustrados to spur a truly national resistance, first against Spain in 1896 and then against the
Americans in 1899.
The Spanish revolution of September 1868, in which the
unpopular Queen Isabella II was deposed.
GENERAL CARLOS MARÍA DE LA TORRE
GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES
• An outspoken liberal
• De la Torre extended to Filipinos the promise of reform.
• In a break with established practice, he fraternized with
Filipinos, invited them to the governor's palace, and
rode with them in official processions. Filipinos in turn
welcomed de la Torre warmly, held a "liberty parade" to
celebrate the adoption of the liberal 1869 Spanish
constitution, and established a reform committee to lay
the foundations of a new order.
Prominent among de la Torre's supporters in Manila
were professional and business leaders of the ilustrado
community and Filipino secular priests.
Father José Burgos
a Spanish mestizo, who had published a pamphlet,
Manifesto to the Noble Spanish Nation, criticizing those
racially prejudiced Spanish who barred Filipinos from
the priesthood and government service.
In December 1870, the archbishop of Manila, Gregorio
Melitón Martínez, wrote to the Spanish regent
advocating secularization and warning that
discrimination against Filipino priests would encourage
anti-Spanish sentiments.
According to historian Austin Coates, "1869 and 1870
stand distinct and apart from the whole of the rest of the
period as a time when for a brief moment a real breath of
the nineteenth century penetrated the Islands, which till
then had been living largely in the seventeenth century."
De la Torre abolished censorship of newspapers and
legalized the holding of public demonstrations, free
speech, and assembly--rights guaranteed in the 1869
Spanish constitution. Students at the University of Santo
Tomás formed an association, the Liberal Young
Students (Juventud Escolar Liberal), and in October
1869 held demonstrations protesting the abuses of the
university's Dominican friar administrators and teachers.
1800
The Philippine people suffered from the Spanish colonization which led chaos
to the Philippine nation. The Filipinos suffered from the Spaniards such as
corruption abuse and military labor.
JANUARY 20, 1872
200 Filipinos who were employed in Cavite started a revolt,
that was because of how the Spanish government
voided their payment of tributes or was rising up
for taxes which caused the Filipino people to start
revolution and that would bring independence to
the Philippines which results through the complete
community.
 CAVITE MUTINY IS ONE OF THE GREATEST HISTORICAL
EVENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE MAJOR
AWAKENING OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE FILIPINOS
“The Cavite Mutiny is considered the rise of the Filipinos or the
beginning of Filipino nationalism leading to a Filipino revolution”
AFTER THE REVOLT ON JANUARY 1872, THIS HAS LED TO
THE EXECUTION OF THE GOMBURZA
MARIANO GOMEZ
JOSE BURGOS
JACINTO ZAMORA FEBRUARY
17, 1872
 SPANISH ACOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
• They think that the main reasons of the “revolution” is the
abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite Arsenal
such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor.
• the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty
propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic,
liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the
Philippines.
• Most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of
animosity against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported”
the rebels and enemies of Spain.
 SPANISH ACOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
• It is apparent that the accounts underscore the reason for the
"revolution": the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers
of the Cavite arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute
and being employed in Polos y Servicios, or force labor.
According to him, native clergy attracted supporters by giving
them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because
they have God's support, aside from promises of lofty rewards
such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. In the
Spaniard's accounts, the event of 1872 was premeditated, and is
part of a big conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos,
lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite.
 SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
• They allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers,
then kill the friars. The signal they identify among these
conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from
Intramuros.
• The accounts detail that on 20 January 1872, the district of
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, and came
with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitenos allegedly
mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack. The 200-
men contingent led by Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Spanish
officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
 SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
• Izquierdo, upon learning of the attack, ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish
forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The "revolution" was easily crushed, when the
Manileños who were expected to aid the Caviteños did not arrive.
• Leaders of the plot were killed in the resulting skirmish, while Fathers Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora were tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed.
• Others who were implicated such as Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Jose and Pio Basa, and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of
law, arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
• Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of an
artillery force composed exclusively by Peninsulares.
• On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to
Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
 Jose Montero
y Vidal
a Spanish historian, documented how the event was an effort to topple the
Spanish authority in the Philippines. Despite his status as a historian, his
version of the mutiny was criticized as being far too prejudiced and
passionate for a scholar.

Governor General
Rafael Izquierdo
Implicated the native clergy, who
were then active in the movement
toward secularization of parishes.

pictures
 FILIPINO ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE
• This uprising among the soldiersMUTINY
in Cavite was used as a
powerful level by the Spanish residents and by the friars. • Tavera is of the opinion that the Spanish friars and
• The Central Government in Madrid had announced its
intention to deprive the friars in these islands of powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and of the
direction and management of the university, it was due to
these facts and promises that the Filipinos had great hopes
of an improvement in the affairs of their country, while the
friars, on the other hand, feared that their power in the
colony would soon be complete a thing of the past.
• Up to that time there had been no intention of secession
from Spain, and the only aspiration of the people was to
secure the material and education advancement of the
country..
• According to this account, the incident was merely a
mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal. Soldiers and laborers of the arsenal to the
dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of
Izquierdo, such as the abolition of privileges and the
prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and trades
for Filipinos, which the General saw as a smokescreen to
creating a political club.
Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a way to address
other issues by blowing out of proportion the isolated
mutiny attempt. During this time, the Central
Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the
friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil
government and direction and management of
educational institutions. The friars needed something to
justify their continuing dominance in the country, and
the mutiny provided such opportunity.
• However, the Central Spanish Government introduced
an educational decree fusing sectarian schools run by
the friars into a school called the Philippine Institute.
The decree aimed to improve the standard of education
in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in
these schools to be filled by competitive examinations,
an improvement welcomed by most Filipinos.
 FILIPINO ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
General La Torre created a junta composed of high officials including some friars and six Spanish
officials. At the same time there was created by the government in Madrid a committee to investigate the
same problems submitted to the Manila committee. When the two finished work, it was found that they
came to the same conclusions.
Here is the summary of the reforms they considered necessary to introduce:
1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection.
2. Removal of surcharges on foreign importations.
3. Reduction of export fees.
4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real estate, enjoy freedom of
worship, and operate commercial transports flying the Spanish flag.
5. Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Minister of Overseas Affairs in
Madrid on the necessary reforms to be implemented.
6. Changes in primary and secondary education.
7. Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines, rendering
unnecessary the sending home of short term civil officials every time there is a change
of ministry.
8. Study of direct-tax system.
9. Abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

FILIPINO ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE
MUTINY
In regard to schools, it was
previously decreed that there
should be in Manila a Society of
Arts and Trades to be opened in
March of 1871 to repress the
growth of liberal teachings.
General Izquierdo suspended the
opening of the school the day
previous to the scheduled
inauguration.
• The Filipinos had a duty to render service on public
roads construction and pay taxes every year. But those
who were employed at the maestranza of the artillery, in
the engineering shops and arsenal of Cavite were
exempted from this obligation from time immemorial.
• Without preliminaries of any kind, a decree by the
Governor withdrew from such old employees their
retirement privileges and declassified them into the
ranks of those who work on public roads.
• The friars used the incident as a part of a larger
conspiracy to cement their dominance, which has
started to show cracks because of the discontent of the
Filipinos.
• They showcased the mutiny as part of a greater
conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow
the Spanish Government Unintentionally, and more so,
prophetically,
• the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 resulted to the martyrdom of
GOMBURZA, and paved the way to the revolution
culminating in 1898.
 Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo
APardo de
Filipino scholar andTavera
researcher, who wrote a Filipino version
of the bloody incident in Cavite

Edmond
Plauchut
a Frenchman residing in Manila at
the time of the revolt, gives a
dispassionate account of it and its
causes in an article published in
the Revue des Deux Mondes in
1877

pictures
 REPORTE
RS
Monica C. Carla Jane M. Marjorie C. Violeta B.
Abogado Apolinario Batianciela
De Vera
BSA 3 A
Thank you