TOPIC 4: 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective
Jose Montero y Vidal - prolific Spanish historian
documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of
the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines.
• Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official
report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate
the native clergy, which was then active in the call for
secularization.- magkaroon ng katungkulan ang mga
native clergies (pilipinong pari) sa Pilipinas na hindi
nagustuhan ng mga Espanyol.
• In Spaniards Account, 1872 was premeditated. They
allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers
then kill firars.
• Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the
abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal were the main reasons of the “revolution” as how
they called it. However, other causes were enumerated by
them, most importantly, the presence of the native clergy
who out of animosity against the Spanish friars,
“conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of
Spain.
• He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted
to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new
“hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
• The general even added that the native clergy enticed
other participants by giving them charismatic assurance
that their fight will not fail because God is with them
coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as
employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in
his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed
an innate propensity for stealing.
• January 20, 1872 – district of Sampaloc celebrated the
feast of the Virgin Loreto, came with fireworks display.
The Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence an
attack. And just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men
contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an
attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the
arsenal.
- Izquerdo, upon learning the attack, ordered
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to
quell the Revolt.
- The revolution was easily crushed, when
Manileños who were expected to aid the
Caviteños did not arrive.
• Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were
killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried
by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by
strangulation.
• Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.
Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were
suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the
practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life
imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native
regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery
force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.
•On 17 February 1872 - GOMBURZA were executed to
instill fear among the Filipinos. This event was tragic but
served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino
nationalism.
A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the
Incident
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - filipino
scholar and researcher who wrote the Filipino version of
the bloody incident in Cavite.
According to Pardo de Tavera:
• Incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino
soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the
dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of
Izquierdo (governor-general of PH)
• Policies include: abolition of priveleges and prohibition
of the founding of the school of arts and trades.
- Filipino are exempted from paying taxes/tribute
- Exempted from force labor
• Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-
blooded policies.
• January 20, 1872 – about 200 men comprised of
soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and
assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers
in sight.
• They believed that it would elevate to a national uprising
but the mutiny was unsuccessful. After two days, the
mutiny was officially declared subdued.
• During the time, the Central Government in Madrid
announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the
powers of intervention in matters of civil government and
the direction and management of educational institutions.
- Central Government failed to conduct an
investigation on what trulytranspired but relied
on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the
opinion of the public
• GOMBURZA – Spanish clergy connected the priests to
the mutiny because of their desire to:
Secularization – priests wants to build their own church
and to be led by them
• Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the
Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational
decree authored by Segismundo Moret.
- Proposed to improve the standard of education
in the Philippines by requiring teaching
positions in such schools to be filled by
competitive examinations.
- This improvement was warmly received by most
Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for
secularization.
• Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny
were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the
native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and
executed by garrote.
• This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of
1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account
complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the
event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.
Cavite Mutiny → Death of GOMBURZA → Jose
Rizal’s El Fili and Noli → 1896 PH Revolution
TOPIC 5: THE RETRACTION OF JOSE RIZAL
• There are four iterations of the texts of this retraction:
1.The first was published in La Voz Espanola and Diario
de Manila on the day of the execution, December 30,
1896.
2. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in the
magazine La Juventud, a few months after the execution,
14 February 1897, from an anonymous writer who was
later on revealed to be Fr. Vicente Balaguer. However,
the original text was only found in the archidiocesan
archives on 18 May 1935, after almost four decades of
disappearance found by Fr. Manuel Garcia.
The Balaguer Testimony
• Questionable because there is only one eyewitness
account of the writing of the document exists - that of the
Jesuit friar F. Vicente Balaguer.
According to his testimony:
• Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times,
attended a Mass, received communion, and prayed the
rosary, all of which seemed out of character. But since it
is the only testimony of allegedly a “primary” account that
Rizal ever wrote a retraction document, it has been used
to argue the authenticity of the document.
The Written Testimony of Federico Moreno
• Another eyewitness account surfaced in 2016, through
the research of Professor Rene R. Escalante. In his
research, documents of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia
included a report on the last hours of Rizal, written by
Federico Moreno. The report details the statement of the
Cuerpo de Vigilancia to Moreno.
• Primary Source: Eyewitness Account of the Last Hours
of Rizal
- Source: Michael Charleston Chua, “Retraction ni
Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at
Pananaw,” GMA News Online, published 29
December 2016.
• This account corroborates the existence of the retraction
document, giving it credence. However, nowhere in the
account was Fr. Balaguer mentioned, which makes the
friar a mere secondary source to the writing of the
document.
TOPIC 6: DIFFERENT DATES AND PLACES OF THE
CRY OF REBELLION
Reason: Discovery of Katipunan, August 19, 1896
• On July 7,1892, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz,
Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and a
few others, met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now
Claro M. Recto Avenue), near Elcano Street, Tondo, and
decided to form an association called Kataastaasan
Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan,or Katipunan for short.
• It was agreed to win more members to the society by
means of the triangle method.
• Also agreed upon the payment of an entrance fee of one
real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of a
medio real (about twelve centavos).
• The triangle method was so slow and clumsy that in
October 1892, Bonifacio decided to change the method
of recruiting members. It was agreed that any member of
the society could take in as many new members ad he
could get.
Three Fundamental Objectives:
1. Political objective: separation of the Philippines from
the Spain.
2. Moral objective: teaching of good manners, hygiene,
good morals, and attacking obscurantism, religious
fanaticism, and weakness of character.
3. Civic objective: principle of self-help and the defense
of the poor and the oppressed.
Women's Chapter of the Katipunan – July 1893
• To be sure that no woman of dubious character could
penetrate the deep secrets of the society, Bonifacio limited
the membership to the wives,daughters, and sisters of the
male members.(around 30 women only)
• Prominent women of the community were initiated into
the society such as Josefa Rizal, Gregoria de Jesus,
Marina Dizon,etc.
• It was their duty to important to see to it that the
meetings of the male members were not disturbed by
surprise raids of the authorities.
The Katipunan Newspaper
• Establishes a printing press to propagate its teachings
and win more adherents. Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested
the name Kalayaan.
• At the end of March 1896, when the two thousand
copies of the periodical had been distributed far and wide,
hundrerds of people joined the Katipunan.
• From the founding of the society to January 1,1896, it
did not have more than 300 members, but since the
appearance of the Kalayaan the membership had
increased to around 30,000.
The Discovery of the Katipunan
• Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño had a
misunderstanding.
• Patino took revenge on Apolonio by revealing secrets
of the society to his sister, Honoria. Honoria, an inmate
at the orphanage in Mandaluyong, was reported to have
cried. Sor Teresa, when informed of the cause of the
alleged grief, suggested that Teodoro Patiño tell all he
knew to Father Mariano Gil.
- In the afternoon of August 19, Patiño told Father
Mariano of what he knew about the secret society.
The friar immediately hurried to the printing shop
of the Diario de Manila, and searched the
premises for the hidden proofs of the existence of
the Katipunan.
- The discovery of the Katipunan was immediately
followed by mass arrests of Filipino suspects.
The Controversy: Different Dates and Places of the
Cry
• August 23, 1896 - start of the Philippine Revolution
(NHC)
• Teodoro Agoncillo convinced the NHC to move the
traditional August 26 date to August 23 and transfer the
historical site from Balintawak to Pugad Lawin. He
cited as his principal source, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, a close
associate of Bonifacio.
• In Wenceslao Emilio’s five-volume compilation of
historical documents, Archivo del Bibliofilo, Valenzuela’s
signed testimony before Spanish interrogators dated
September 1896 that the Cry of Balintawak was held in
Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Years later, in his
memoirs published in English after World War II,
Valenzuela stated that the Cry was actually held in
Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
 - Agoncillo explained that the September 1896
account was extracted from Valenzuela under
duress and couldn’t be trusted.
• Balintawak has many eyewitness accounts, including
Guillermo Masangkay, who, in an interview in the
Sunday Tribune in 1932, declared the place as
Balintawak and the date August 26, 1896. Spanish Lt.
Olegario Diaz in 1896 pinpointed the place as Balintawak
but placed the date on August 25, 1896.
• In 1928, Gregoria deJesus Nakpil, widow of Andres
Bonifcaio wrote a short autobiography entitled Mga Tala
ng Aking Buhay, where she stated, among other things,
that the Cry of Balintawak took place on August 25, 1896
in Pasong Tamo. The place is isn’t in Makati but in
Caloocan.
• Another Bonifacio’s associate, the composer of the
Katipunan, Julio Nakpil, second husband of Gregoria de
Jesus, deposited his handwritten notes on the Philippine
Revolution in the National Library under Teodoro M.
Kalaw in 1925. “The revolution started in Balintawak in
the last days of August 1896.” On another page, he wrote,
“Bonifacio uttered the first cry of war against tyranny on
August 24, 1896, the first cry of Balintawak was in
August 26, 1896 in the place called Kangkong, adjacent
to Pasong Tamo, within the jurisdiction of Balintawak,
Caloocan, then within the province of Manila.”
• Last but not the least is Santiago Alvarez whose
memoirs identify the place as Bahay Toro and the date as
August 25, 1896.
FOUNDERS:
Bonifacio, Diwa, Diaz, Dizon, Plata, Arellano
WOMENS CHAPTER:
Rizal, J., De Jesus, G., Dizon, M.
MASS RECRUITMENT
Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, and Tarlac
TESTIMONIES:
Guillermo Masangkay – Aug. 26 – Balintawak
Gregoria De Jesus-Nakpil – Aug. 25 – Pasong Tamo
Lt. Olegario Diaz – Aug 24 – Balintawak
Julip Nakpil – Aug. 24 – Balintawak
Aug. 25 – Pasong Tamo
Santiago Alvarez – Aug. 25 – Bahay Toro, Pasong Tamo
Teodoro Agoncillo and Dr. Pio Valenzuela:
Balintawak to Pugad Lawin
TOPIC 1: INTRO TO HISTO
History
- derived from the Greek word historia which means
"knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation."
-became known as the account of the past of a person or
of a group of people through written documents and
historical evidences.
Relevance of History
1. It allows us to understand our present
2. It offers opportunities to extract valuable lessons.
3. It can provide us with insights into our society.
4. We can avoid making the same mistakes by looking
back in the past.
Historian
- It is the job of the historian to gather, give meaning to
the facts and organize them into a timeline, establish
causes and write history.
Sources of History
All the material which has a direct bearing or can be any
assistance in constructing the history of a particular period
are called as historical facts or sources.
Primary Sources
• provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
object, person, or work of art.
• It is created at the time of an event or soon after.
• Created by someone who saw or heard an event
themselves.
- Autobiographies and memoirs
- Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence
- Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
- Photographs, drawings, and posters
- Works of art and literature
-
Secondary Sources
• 'second-hand' work that is the result of reconstructing
and interpreting the past using the primary material.
• Created after the event, usually after a long time after
something happened.
• Expresses an opinion about the past event.
- Website contents,
- Analysis or interpretation of data Documentaries
- Bibliographies
- Biographical works
-
Tertiary Sources- history is written using both primary
and secondary sources and shrunk down to the basic
points.
Repositories of Sources:
Libraries, Archives and Museums.
External criticism- practice of verifying the authenticity
of evidence by examining its physical characteristics
Examples of the things that will be examined when
conducting external criticism of a document include the
quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the language
and words used in the material.
Internal criticism- It looks at the content of the source
and examines the circumstance of its production. Looks
at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by
looking at the author of the source and its context.