READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY (FINALS)
Cavite Mutiny
1898
- Significant year
- 12th of June marks the
Philippine Independence Day
*There is no 1898 Philippine
Independence and 1896 Philippine
revolution without the 1872 Cavite
Mutiny
Mutiny
- A rebellion against the
Government or the Authority
- from the verb itself “to Mutine”
or “to Revolt”
the Filipino version
two important events:
1. 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
2. GOM BUR ZA 'S MARTYRDOM
According to Pardo De Tavera:
- The incident was merely
amunity by Filipino soldiers and
laborers of the Cavity arsenal to
the dissatisfaction arising from
the draconian policies of
Izquierdo (abolition of privileges
and prohibition of the founding
of the school of arts and trades)
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo De
Tavera
- Born in Manilaon – April 13, 1857
- Lived in Cabido St., Intramuros
- A Filipino historian, physician
and politician who wrote about
many aspect of the Filipino
culture
- His father, Felix Pardo de Tavera
was a lawyer and a brother of
the patriot Joaquin Pardo’s de
Tavera, a law professor and
government official
- Studied in Ateneo Municipal de
Manila, Colegio de San Juan
de Letran, University of Sto.
Tomas
- Received his diploma on Malay
Language in 1885
THE FALL OF THE FIRST ATTEMPT
- Uprising of military personnel of
Fort San Felipe (the Spanish
arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on
January 20, 1872
- Around 200 Soldiers and
laborers rose up in the belief
that it would elevate to a
national uprising. The mutiny
WAS UNSUCCESSFUL, and
government soldiers executed
most of the participants
GOMBURZA
- Tagged as the Masterminds of
the Cavite Mutiny
- the collective names of the
three martyred priests: GOMEZ -
BURGOS – ZAMORA
- prominent Filipino Priests
charged with treason and
sedition
- The Spanish Clergy connected
the Priests to the mutiny as part
of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests
who desired to have their own
parishes instead of being
assistants of the regular friars
Treason
- crime of betraying one's
country, especially by
attempting to kill the sovereign
or overthrow the government.
Sedition
- conduct or speech inciting
people to rebel against the
authority of a state or monarch
Secularization
- They headed the secularization
movement which alleviated the
plight of Filipino priests by
insisting on the prior right of the
native secular clergy to
assignment in parishes over that
of the friars newly arrived from
Spain
Garrote
- Garrote kill (someone) by
strangulation, typically with an
 iron collar or a length of wire or - The revolution was easily
cord. crushed, when Manilenos who
- The GOMBURZA were executed were expected to aid the
by a garrote in public to serve Cavite men did not arrived.
as a threat To filipinos never to
attempt to fight the spaniards Filipino Version
again. - It’s a simple mutiny by the
- This was a scene purportedly native Filipino soldiers and
witnessed by the young Jose laborers of the Cavite arsenal
Rizal who turned out to be
dissatisfied with the abolition of
privileges.
The Spanish version
Spanish Version
Jose Montero Y Vidal - An attempt of the Indios to
- A prolific Spanish historian overthrow the Spanish
documented the event and government in the Philippines.
highlighted it as an attempt of
the Indios to overthrow the OUR PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Spanish government in the TRACED BACK FROM THE CAVITE
Philippines MUTINY
- Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael 1. CAVITE MUTINY
Izquierdo’s official report to the 2. DEATH OF GOMBURZA
King of Spain magnified the 3. JOSE RIZAL’S EL FILIBUSTERISMO /
event and made use of it to NOLI ME TANGERE
implicate the native clergy, 4. 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
which was the active in call for
secularization
* It was premeditated, a part of a big
conspiracy Among the educated
leaders, mestizos, lawyers and
residents of Manila and Cavite
* They allegedly plan to liquidate high-
ranking Spanish officers and the kill the
friars.
The account details that on January
20, 1872
- The district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the
Virgin Loreto, came with it were
some firework display.
- The Cavite community mistook
this as the signal to commence
with the attack.
- 200 men was led by Sergeant
Lamadrid attacked Spanish
officers at sight and seized the
arsenal.
- Izquierdo, upon learning the
attack, ordered reinforcement
of the Spanish forces in Cavite
to quell the revolt.
 THEPHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
PREAMBLE
Constitution
- Fundamental law of a nation or
state.
- establishes the character and
basic principles of the
government
- “the highest expression of the
law”
- System that runs the
government is often codified in
this written document, which
forms the
fundamental rules and
principles by which
an organization is managed
- these same
principles that make clear the
rights of the individual and
creates limitations to
government power
Purposes of a Constitution
1. It prescribes the framework of the
system or the kind of government that
will exist in the state.
2. It creates the different departments
and specifies their respective functions
and duties.
3. It is the source of the sovereign
powers of a government by
establishing the fixed, first or basic
principles on which the government is
founded.
4. It promotes public welfare, which
involves the safety, prosperity, health,
and happiness of the people. The
constitution establishes the rights of the
people which the government is
obligated to protect. It guarantees
freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, and freedom of religion ( People
VS Linsangan,
62 Phil 646 ,December 21, 1935)
Classifications of a constitution
Written
- most of its provisions are
embodied in a single formal
written instrument or instruments
- work of conscious art and the
result of a deliberate effort to
lay down a body of
fundamental principles under
which government shall be
organized and conducted
(Martin, 1960).
- classic example of a written
constitution is the United States
Constitution
Unwritten
- entirely the product of political
evolution, consisting largely of a
mass of customs, usages and
judicial decisions together with
a smaller body of statutory
enactments of a fundamental
character, usually bearing
different dates (Garner, in Cruz,
2002).
- English
- Constitution is an example of an
unwritten constitution
Cumulative or Evolved
- it has its origin mainly in custom,
common law principles;
decisions of courts
- product of historical evolution
and growth rather than of
deliberate and formal
enactment.
- has no formal starting point, is
not struck off at a specific date,
and it changes by slow gradual
accretion rather than by formal
legal process
Conventional or Enacted
- formulated usually by a
constitutional assembly or
promulgated by the King
(Garner, in Cruz, 2002)
- struckoff at a definite time and
place
Rigid
- one that can be amended only
by a formal and usually difficult
process
 - Examples of a rigid constitution
are those of the Philippines and
United States
Flexible
- one that can be altered by the
same body that makes ordinary
laws of the state (Since, 1938).
- flexible Constitution includes
those of Great Britain, Hungary,
Italy, and Spain
*The 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines is classified as written,
enacted and rigid constitution.
Essential qualities of a good
written constitution
Broad
- it outlines an organization of the
government for the whole state
Brief
- its nature requires that only its
great outline should be marked,
its important objects
designated, and the minor
ingredients which composed
those objects be deduced from
the nature of the objects
themselves
Definite
- any vagueness resulting from
the opposing interpretation of
the Constitutional provisions
may cause incalculable harm
and chaos to the nation
parts of the Philippine constitution
Constitution of Government
- describes the framework of
government and its power; and
also defines the electorate
Constitution of Liberty
- enumerates the fundamental
rights of the people guaranteed
under the constitution
Constitution of Sovereignty
- indicates the manner of
amending or revising the
constitution
7 METAMORPHOSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
1897- BIAK-NA-BATO CONSTITUTION
1899- MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
1935- COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION
1943- 1943 CONSTITUTION
1973- MARCOS' CONSTITUTION
1986- FREEDOM CONSTITUTION
1987- THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
The 1987 Constitution
- 18 Articles with a Preamble
THE 18 ARTICLES
ARTICLE I - National Territory
ARTICLE II -Declaration of Principles
and State Policies
ARTICLE IV - Citizenship
ARTICLE III - Bill of Rights
ARTICLE V - Suffrage
ARTICLE VII - Executive Department
ARTICLE VI - Legislative Department
ARTICLE VIII - Judicial Department
ARTICLE IX - Constitutional Commission
ARTICLE X - Local Government
ARTICLE XII - National Economy and
Patrimony
ARTICLE XI - Accountability of Public
Officers
ARTICLE XIII - Social Justice and Human
Rights
ARTICLE XV - The Family
ARTICLE XIV - Education, Science and
Technology and Arts
ARTICLE XVI - General Provisions
ARTICLE XVII - Amendments and
Revision
ARTICLE XVIII - Transitory Provisions
The three constitutions
Government
- division of the government
Liberty
- article iii
- bill of rights
Sovereignty
- congress
 the government
Legislative Department
- a branch of government that
has the power to pass, amend,
and repeal laws. the legislative
power is conferred upon
congress, i.e., house of
representatives and the
Philippine senate, except to the
extent reserve to the people by
the provision on initiative and
referendum.
- 1.1. The House of Senate - 24
members
- 1.2. The House of Representatives -
307 members
Executive Department
- charged with the execution
and enforcement of laws and
policies and the administration
of public affairs. this executive
branch of government is
composed of the following;
- 2.1 THE PRESIDENT
- 2.2 THE VICE –PRESIDENT
- 2.3 THE CABINET
- 2.4 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Cabinet Members:
1. SALVADOR MEDIALDEA-
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
2. TEODORO L. LOCSIN, JR.-
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
3. CARLOS DOMINGUEZ III-
FINANCE
4. MENARDO GUEVARRA- JUSTICE
5. DELFIN LORENZANA- DEFENSE
6. LEONOR BRIONES- EDUCATION
7. ERNESTO PERNIA- NATIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
8. EMMANUEL PIÑOL-
AGRICULTURE
9. ROY CIMATU- ENVIRONMENT &
NATURAL RESOURCES
10. ARTHUR TUGADE-
TRANSPORTATION &
COMMUNICATIONS
11. SILVESTRE BELLO III- LABOR &
EMPLOYMENT
12. FRANCISCO DUQUE III- HEALTH
13. BERNADETTE ROMULO PUYAT-
TOURISM
14. RAMON LOPEZ- TRADE &
INDUSTRY
15. VIRGINIA OROGO- SOCIAL
WELFARE & DEVELOPMENT
16. ELISEO RIO JR.- INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
17. ALFONSO CUSI- ENERGY
18. MARK VILLAR- PUBLIC WORKS &
HIGHWAYS
19. FORTUNATO DELA PEÑA-
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
20. JOHN CASTRICIONES-
AGRARIAN REFORM
21. EDUARDO AÑO- INTERIOR &
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
22. BENJAMIN DIOKNO- BUDGET &
MANAGEMENT
Judicial Government
- CHARGED WITH THE
INTERPRETATION OF LAWS AND
THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
- POWER IS VESTED IN THE
SUPREME COURT AND OTHER
LOWER COURTS ESTABLISHED BY
LAW.
- THE JUDICIARY HAS THE DUTY TO
SETTLE ACTUAL CONTROVERSIES
INVOLVING RIGHTS, WHICH ARE
LEGALLY DEMANDABLE AND
ENFORCEABLE
- JUDICIAL BRANCH OF THE
GOVERNMENT IS COMPOSED
OF THE FOLLOWING COURTS;
1. SUPREME COURT
2. THE COURT OF APPEALS
3. THE COURT OF TAX
APPEALS
4. THE SANDIGANBAYAN
5. THE TRIAL COURTS OF THE
FIRST AND THE SECOND
LEVEL
 Constitution of liberty
- Bill of rights

Constitution of sovereignty
Sovereignty
- quality of having independent
authority over a geographic
area, such as a territory
- exercised by the State to exact
obedience to its laws upon the
citizens
- Internal sovereignty - denotes
the power of the State to
control and govern its people
- external sovereignty - denotes
freedom of a State from
external control; independence
*By virtue of this sovereignty, that
power to amend or revise the 1987
Constitution is thereby vested on the
Congress upon a vote of three-fourths
of all its members; or through a
constitutional convention.
 HISTORICAL SITES
PAOAY CHURCH, PAOAY, ILOCOS
NORTE
- During the Philippine Revolution,
the bell tower of the church
served as observatory post for
Filipinos
BARASOAIN CHURCH
- The first Constitution of the
Philippines was created at
Barasoain Church, therefore,
the first Philippine Republic was
established in January 23, 1899
PAMINTUAN HOUSE
- It was the seat of the Philippine
Republic in May, 1899
HOLY PARISH CHURCH
- The church was constructed
from 1877 to 1896 by the Polo y
Servicio labor system. Filipinos
(called as Indios) were forced
to do unpaid labors for 40 days
each year under the Spanish
colonial government.
AGUINALDO SHRINE, KAWIT, CAVITE
- The house was featured twice in
Philippine peso bill. It appeared
on the two-peso and five-peso
bills.
CANNON ON CORREGIDOR ISLAND
- This World War II gun was the
largest defensive gun on the
Island of Corregidor during the
1942battles.
- Corregidor comes from the
Spanish word “corregir” which
means “to correct”. Since all
ships entering Manila bay would
be inspected and corrected, it
was once named “the island of
corrector”.
MALINTA TUNNEL, CORREGIDOR
ISLAND
- It has seen as the great deal of
death for it has been served as
a military storage hub, bomb
shelter, quarter and living space
as well as a 1000 bed hospital.
MIDDLESIDE BARRACKS,
CORREGIDOR ISLAND
- This was the most
photographed ruin in
Corregidor Island where the
barracks served as the quarters
of the 65th Coast Artillery anti-
aircraft regiment US Regular
Army, and the 91th Coast
Artillery Philippine Scouts, until it
was bombed during the World
War II.
SITE OF TEJEROS CONVENTION,
GENRAL TRIAS, CAVITE
- Filipino Revolutionaries had their
115th convention on March 22,
1897 and approved the
establishment of a
Revolutionary Government
headed by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo held at this site.
- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was
elected absentia during the
convention.
PROVINCIAL CAPITOL OF NEGROS,
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
- The building was used by the
Japanese during the Second
World War as their
headquarters.
- The Provincial Capitol was
originally the old residence of
Luzuriaga Family and was
donated by Jose Ruiz de
Luzuriaga
BASILICA DE SANTO NIÑ O, CEBU
- It was founded on April 28, 1565,
the same day when the
Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition
arrived in Cebu Island.
- The church was supposed to be
made of bricks. However, the
humid weather of Cebu was
not suitable for a brick-church.
BAHAY NAKPIL, QUIAPO, MANILA
- One of the most important
features of this house is the
mirror propped on the ceiling
near the wooden guide to see if
there’s someone standing
outside, similar to the modern-
day CCTV cameras.
ARCH OF THE CENTURY, UNIVERSITY
OF SANTOTOMAS, MANILA
- The original Arch faces the Main
Building that serves as the main
doorway to the university
building before it was destroyed
during WorldWar II when it was
at Intramuros. At present, the
newer arch faced España
Boulevard.