RPH Midterms
Cavity Mutiny, 1872
- Uprising towards the Spanish government
- 3 martyred priests: Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora (GOMBURZA)
- Controversial because the event has many
reiterations and authors; both Spaniards and
Filipinos
Spain in the 19th (1800) Century
- Political Instability in Spain
- After the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went
thru a downward spiral as a world power;
downfall of one of the most powerful
catholic countries in Europe
- By 1830 all of Spain’s American colonies
have seceded and became independent
states with the exemption of Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and Philippines
- 19th century was a turbulent century of
politics for Spanish history (Zaide, 1994)
- There was a civil war between the children
of Ferdinand VII (King Charles I and Queen
Isabelle II) on who will become the next
monarch of Spain; Queen Isabelle II won
- Spanish created the canovite system or
rotativism; frequent change of political
power in the Philippines; became more
problematic for the Philippines
- Disadvantage in rotativism is that corrupt
officials can change positions, and do not
lose their positions
- Before the rotativism, the Philippines had a
Democratic government; people has the
power
- 1868, Spain had developed a democratic
system
- Carlos Maria De La Torre (governor general)
was loved by Filipinos because he had no
“censorship”; allowed Filipinos to have
freedom; can speak in public and read
newspapers in public
- No more paddling as punishment (similar to
hazing)
- Abolished forced labor and punishment
- All offices had freedom of speech; Filipinos
were given the right to speak up
- Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Carlos De La
Torre when the system was changed back
to monarchy type
Primary Source: Excerpts from Montero’s Account of
the Cavite Mutiny; Jose Montero y Vidal wrote the
“Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872”
- Historia General de Filipinas
- There was an abolition of privileges enjoyed
by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of
exemption from the tribute was the cause of
the insurrection
- Jose Montero discovered that the Cavite
Mutiny was to overthrow the Spanish
government to earn their independence
- Filipino clergy (GOMBURZA) supported the
revolution
- Authorities received anonymous
communications that there would be an
uprising against the Spaniards, the minute
the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and
that all would be assassinated, including
friars. But no one minded these notices.
- The leaders met at either in the house of
Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, or the native priest, Jacinto Zamora.
- The meetings were attended by the curate
of Bacoor, the soul of the movement.
- Montero stated that Jacinto Zamora
organized meetings to overthrow the
Spanish
Primary Source: Excerpts from the Official Report of
Governor General Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny
- The insurrection was motivated and
prepared by the native clergy, mestizos,
and lawyers, and by those known here as
abogadillos
- The instigators protested against the injustice
of the government for not paying farmers for
their tobacco crop
- They encouraged the rebellion by protesting
what they called the injustice of having
obliged workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay
- It has not been clearly determined if they
were to establish a monarchy or a republic
- Indios complained why the privilege of
Filipinos were taken away
- Dr. Jose Burgos or D Jacinto Zamora are
selected to be the head of the uprising
- The main reason for the Cavite Mutiny was
to abolish the privilege of the laborers of the
Cavite Arsenal of exemptions for paying
taxes, giving tributes, or forced labor
January 20 1872
- People were celebrating the feast of the
Virgin of Loreto
- Cavitenos allegedly mistook the fireworks
display as the signal to commence the
attack
 - The 200 men led by Sergeant Lamadrid
attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized
the arsenal
- Izquierdo ordered the reinforcement of the
Spanish forces to quell the revolt.
- The attack was easily crushed by the
Spaniards
- This led Spain to create an artillery force
composed exclusively by Peninsulares (full
blooded Spaniards)
- GOMBURZA was put to trial and imprisoned,
then finally executed, to make a threat to
Filipinos to never attempt a fight with the
Spaniards again; their death was made
public
Source: Trinidad Pardo de Tavera; Filipino version of
the Cavite Mutiny
- There was a royal decree that there is a ban
for friars that they are no longer part of the
government of the Philippines; they are
forced to focus on merely religion and
teaching
- Filipinos hoped an improvement in the
affairs in their country, but the friars feared
that their power would be taken away from
them
- Tavera stated that the Filipinos only
protested, and not attacked the Spaniards,
because of the wrong leadership of
Izquierdo
- The laborers were unsatisfied, therefore they
led a protest
- Filipinos were allowed to go to school during
the reign of Carlos de la Torre, but not
during Izquierdo’s
- The enemy of progress in the Philippines at
that time was the friars and Spaniards; they
focused their time to show their dominance
over the Philippines
Source: Edmund Plauchut, French Writer, Supporting
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
- Edmund Plauchut was an eyewitness of the
execution of GOMBURZA
- General La Torre created a junta composed
of high officials (some friars and 6 Spanish
Officials); at the same time, the government
of Madrid created a committee to
investigate the same problems submitted to
the Manila committee
- If General La Torre was still the Gov Gen. ,
these would be implemented:
1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and
the methods of collection; there would
be an amendment
2. Removal of surcharges on foreign
importations
3. Reduction of export fees
4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the
Philippines; buy real estate, enjoy
freedom of worship, and operate
commercial transports flying the Spanish
flag
5. Establish of an advisory council to inform
the Minister Of Overseas Affairs In Madrid
on the necessary reforms to be
implemented
6. Changes in primary and secondary
education
7. Establishment of an Institute Of Civil
Administration In The Philippines,
rendering unnecessary the sending
home of short-term civil officials every
time there is a change of ministry; there
would be a Filipino representative in a
seat of power
8. Study of direct-tax system
9. Abolition of the tobacco monopoly
- However, the Gov Gen. Izquierdo became
the new Gov Gen in the Philippines, those
goals were never implemented; they did not
want the Philippines to have proper
education
- Since the goals were not implemented, the
Filipinos were upset, this caused the Filipinos
to protest
ANALYSIS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
What is true about the proclamation of PH
Independence?
- The end of the 333 years of Spanish
colonization when Emilio Aguinaldo
declared our independence on June 12,
1898 in Kawit, Cavite
- Julian Felipe: composed the national
anthem
- Jose Palma: made the lyrics from his poems
Filipinas
- White triangle: symbolizes the KKK
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR: Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista
- "Don Bosyong"
- Born on December 17, 1830, in Biñan,
Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and
Silvestra Altamira
- Studied Law at the University of Sto. Tomas
earned his degree in 1865 (at 35 years old).
- Solicited funds to finance the campaign for
reforms in the Philippines; member of the La
Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios,
and la Propaganda
- Arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago;
involved in the Philippine Revolution but
 managed to defend himself and was
eventually released.
- First adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in
1898, and, contrary to popular belief, it was
Bautista, and not Aguinaldo, who waved
the Philippine flag before the jubilant crowd
during the proclamation of Philippine
independence in Kawit, Cavite.
- On July 14, 1899, he was elected as
president of the Philippines in the
Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac and was
later appointed judge of the Court of First
Instance of Pangasinan.
- Died on December 4, 1903 (72 years old)
from a fatal fall from a horse-drawn
carriage.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT
In April 1898, the Spanish-American War
broke out as a result of U.S. intervention in the
Cuban War of Independence. The U.S. attacked
Spain's Pacific Possessions, which led to its
involvement in the Philippine Revolution.
Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong
Kong to Manila Bay aboard the U.S.S. Olympia and
led the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy.
In May 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay
ensued. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
Philippines from Hong Kong, bringing with him the
first Philippine flag sewn by Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa. Upon
arriving in Manila, Aguinaldo proceeded to his
mansion in Kawit, Cavite to rally all Filipinos to unite
and fight against the Spaniards in the historic battle
cry of the "Hour of Liberation. Together with the
Americans, the Filipinos assaulted the Spaniards in
the Battle of Manila Bay. However, the said battle
was perceived to be a mock battle as
arrangements were already made between the
Americans and the Spaniards, that the latter would
hand over the Philippines including Guam and
Puerto Rico to the former. Such arrangements were
already finalized in the Treaty of Paris in 1898. After
the Battle of Manila Bay, there were still skirmishes
between Filipinos and Spaniards in various
provinces in the Philippines. The Act of the
Declaration of Philippine Independence (Acta de
la Proclamación de la Independencia del Pueblo
Filipino) written by Bautista had the intention to
encourage Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo formally declared Philippine
Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
It was symbolically accompanied by the
playing of the Philippine national anthem
composed by Julian Felipe with lyrics by Jose Palma
from his poem Filipinas. At the same time, Ambrosio
Bautista read the Act of Declaration of Philippine
Independence in Spanish. The United States of
America, however, never recognized this
declaration.
The Acta de la Proclamación de la
Independencia del Pueblo Filipino was among the
documents lost during the height of the pilferage of
historical documents in the 1990s. The centennial
anniversary of Philippine independence heightened
the demand for such documents in the black
market. The document was finally returned to the
National Library in 1994 after a professor from the
University of the Philippines, Milagros Guerrero,
negotiated for its return
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG
- The flag is the country’s most cherished
symbol
- Emblem for freedom
- Symbolizes patriotism, love of country, and
sense of nationhood and embodies the
aspirations and sentiments of the Filipinos
people in their uncasting quest for
independence
- Instrument of unity that binds the Filipino
people
Symbol and Meanings:
Color:
1. White: Filipino hope for equality
2. Blue upper stripe: peace, truth, and justice
3. Red lower stripe: patriotism and valor
Symbols:
1. White triangle: representing the blood
compact that inspired the people to rebel
by means of the famous Society of
“Katipunan”
2. Three stars: Luzon, Panay, and Mindanao;
the 3 islands where this revolutionary
movement began
3. Eight rays of the Sun: gigantic strides that
have been made by the sons of this land on
the road of progress and civilization and its 8
rays represent the first 8 provinces that
revolted against Spain
PRIMARY SOURCE: PHILIPPINE CARTOONS: POLITICAL
CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941),
Alfred McCoy, and Alfredo Roces
- Cartoons: effective tool for publicizing
opinions through the heavy use of
symbolism, which is different from verbose
written editorial and opinion pieces; a
caricature represents the opinion and
captures the audience's

- First cartoon published by The Independent
on May 20, 1916.
- Politician from Tondo, named Dr. Santos,
passing his crown to his brother-in-law, Dr.
Barcelona. A Filipino guy (as depicted
wearing a salakot and a barong Tagalog)
was trying to stop Santos by telling him to
stop giving Barcelona the crown because it
is not his, to begin with.
LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS, Marcelo H.
Del Pilar (Plaridel), primary source
- The second cartoon was also published by
The Independent on June 16, 1917
- Drawn by Fernando Amorsolo and was
aimed as a commentary on the workings of
the Manila Police at that period.
- A Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken
because he had nothing to eat. The police
officer was relentlessly pursuing the said
child.
- Juan de la Cruz, the one wearing a salakot
was grabbing the officer, telling him to
leave the small-time pickpocket and thief
and to turn to the great thieves instead. He
was pointing to huge warehouses
containing bulks of rice, milk, and grocery
product.
Fraolocracy:
Main Aspects Of The Monastic Supremacy
- The third cartoon is a commentary on the
unexpected cases of colored mobiles in the
city streets. The Philippine Free Press
published this commentary when fatal
accidents involving colorum vehicles and
taxis occurred too often already.
- The last cartoon was published by Lipang
kalabaw on August 24, 1907.
- Uncle Sam rationing porridge to the
politicians and members of the Federalista
Party while members of the Nacionalista
Party look on and wait for their turn.
- The cartoon depicts the patronage or
sponsorship of the United States being
desired by Filipino politicians from either
party.
- First published in Barcelona, Spain on 1889
- Hailed by Spanish liberals and former
Spanish administrators in Ph including:
1. Emilio Terrero: former governor general;
“Isang pagpapahayag ng mga tunay
na karanasan at pakikipagkalakaran ng
mga Pilipino sa Pilipinas sa
pamamagitan ng pamamahala ng
mga Espanyol.”
2. Benigno Quiroga: former director
general of the civil administration on the
PH
and scholars such as:
3. Miguel Morayta
4. Ferdinand Bluementritt: “an expert of
Phillippine history, antrophology,
sociology, and other various studies
about Filipinos”; knowledgeable about
Ph even when he did not visit it
- Government of the Friar’s influence on the
Church in Philippines; during the Spanish
colonization
- 3 main aspects: Political, religious,
economic; educational is under the main
aspects
- Canovite system/rotativism made friars have
power in the government
 - Spanish law affects the Philippines because
Ph was Spanish colony before
- The only remaining institution in the
Philippines while rotativism is happening is
the Catholic church; they temporarily
control the Ph government
- Friars started to gain power because of that
transition power; Gov. Gen. became a
puppet for friars
- The friars control the status quo in the
Philippines; friars can replace the Gov. Gen.
if the GG does not follow the friars’ orders
- Governor Blanco was replaced because he
did not attempt to capture Jose Rizal for
publishing Noli Me Tangere
Aspects:
1. Religious Aspect:
- the municipal officials depended on the
Parish priest
- Secularization controversy
- The regular priests resented to assign Filipino
Secular priests; Cited the Filipinos’ brown
skin, lack of education, and inadequate
experience
- Priests were extravagant at the time; had
many possessions
- 2 types of priest: regular and secular
- Regular: full-blooded Spaniard; part of
religious orders (grp of priests that came to
the Philippines [Agustinian, Franciscan,
Jesuit, Dominican, and Recollects]); can
practice priesthood
- Secular: Filipino priest; cannot practice
priesthood; are not part of any religious
order
- Catholicism is the only religion;
excommunication is the result if someone
goes against it.
- Municipal Officials: depend on the parish
priest, where the curate’s approval is an
essential requirement in the performance of
their duties.
2. Political Aspect:
- Priests were prohibited from inheriting
property by order of the King
- The basis of monastic wealth is the lack of
union between the people and the
government
- The Filipinos paid direct and indirect taxes:
a. Direct: personal cedula
b. Indirect: markets, vehicles, horses
(kalesa), stamps
2.1. Only friars can practice politics at the time;
the government refrain from creating a new
law or source of revenue because it was
under the power of the friars
2.2. The friars have the power to endorse a
certain official
3. Economic Aspect:
- Filipinos should pay the friars with the tribute
(praying of cedulas)
- Catholic church has the largest land owners
4. Educational Aspect:
- Friars owned different schools from the
primary to the tertiary level and took in
charge of teaching; they control and
maintain rules and regulations
- Methods of teaching were imperative style;
just reading; no comprehension
- Filipino youth developed a culture of silence
because they did not learn
- Overemphasizing the education in religion
and Catholicism
- Philippine Education was privileged only to
Spanish students.
KKK (Kataas-taasang kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
- Secret society/organization created by
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto
- To unite the Filipinos and to overthrow the
Spanish in the Philippines; to give total
freedom from the Spanish
- Difference of KKK from other revolutions: 2
reasons:
1. Aspires to unite the country, to create a
huge revolution against Spain; other
revolutions are localized, not all Filipinos
are unified; easily dispersed
2. Secret society that wanted total
separation from the government; other
revolutions wanted equal rights and
opportunities; was willing to achieve
their goals thru violent means
Emilio Jacinto:
- Brain of the Katipunan
- Joined KKK at age 18, he was a law student
at UST
- Andres Bonifacio noticed Emilio was unique,
hence he invited him
- Emilio Jacinto wrote the kartilya ng
Katipunan, introduction for new members;
values; Andres used the Kartilya instead of
his decalogue
- Emilio was appointed as secretary of the
Katipunan, then later commander in the
Northern Luzon Movement, at age 22.
- Died at age 24 because of Malaria
Andres Bonifacio:
- Father of the Philippine Revolution
 - Led the Katipunan to rise up in revolt against nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
Spanish colonial rule pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi
Kartilya ng Katipunan: sa iyong kasangulan.
- Code of conduct in the Katipunan, guide 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo,
for the members; “guidebook for new anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa
members of the organization”; has 2 asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
classifications 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa
1. Upright individual pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti
Filipinos lost their identity because of Spanish ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng
Colonization; Emilio wanted to bring back Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat
the Filipino’s previous attitudes and ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao,
behaviors of each individuals; bring back kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid
their pure hearted behaviors kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
- Helping Filipinos become better versions of magandang asal, may isang pangungusap,
themselves may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
2. The Kartilya taught the Katipunan on nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam
how to treat other people at marunong lumingap sa bayang
tinubuan.
14 TENETS: 14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at
maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis
na walang lilim, kundi damong niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
makamandag. magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y
kabaitan. mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga
pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang
kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, ninanasa sa kasunod nito
gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat,
lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay;
mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong,
sa yaman, sa ganda; ngunit di mahihigtan
sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang
puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak
na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili
sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun;
ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring
magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y
di na muli pang magdadaan
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin
ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat
sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim
ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay
siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak;
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babae ay huwag mong tignang isang
bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang
katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan