PART OF SPEECH

NOUN
Noun is the part of speech which can refer to
person, thing, place, plant, animal, idea etc.
examples :
Fatimah doctor house
rose chair happiness
cat water honesty
IN ENGLISH, THERE ARE 7 KINDS OF NOUN AS
FOLLOWS:

1. Abstract Nouns
2. Concrete Nouns
3. Common Nouns
4. Proper Nouns
5. Collective Nouns
6. Material Nouns
7. Compound Nouns
1. ABSTRACT NOUNS

Abstract Nouns are nouns which cannot be

detected by our fifth sense.
example :
Happiness Freedom Health Honesty
Courage Wisdom
2. CONCRETE NOUNS
Concrete Nouns are nouns which refer to
person, place, things etc and can be detected
by
our fifth sense those concrete things/goods.
example :
Chair car Bread people
Perfume
Ball fish
3. COMMON NOUNS
Common Nouns are nouns which refer to the
types, class, things, place etc.
Example :
Booktool Invention bread City stone
Soldier
4. PROPER NOUNS

Proper Nounsare nouns which refer to name of

person, place, etc and cannot be translated. It
usually uses capital letter.
Example :
Amir : name of person
Jakarta : name of city
Indonesia : nameof country
Bengawan Solo : nameofriver
Australia : name of continent, etc...
5. COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Collective Nounsare nouns which refer to a

group of something or some people.
Example :
A team a convoy A committee
a troop A jury A squadron
A club A regiment
6. MATERIAL NOUNS

Material Nouns are nouns which refer to

things/goods are made by themselves not by
human.
Example :
gold water fish iron blood
7. COMPOUND NOUNS
Compound Nouns are nouns which are made
from two or more words and have one/single
meaning.
Example :
Pick pocket Dance team
Dining room Swimming pool
PRONOUNS (KATA GANTI)
Pronouns are nouns which substitute the name
of nouns.
PRONOUNS IN THIS UNIT ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 6 AS
FOLLOW :

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Reflexive Pronoun
3. Possessive Pronoun
4. Demonstrative pronoun
5. Interrogative pronoun
6. Relative pronoun
1. PERSONAL PRONOUN
Personal Pronouns are the nouns substitution
for person or thing which refer to the first
person as speaker, the second person as hearer
and the third person as object to be talked.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS CAN
FUNCTION AS FOLLOW :
1. Nominative subjective : pronoun
for subject in the sentence.
Example :
I study English.
You read the manual book.
The Captain orders us to work hard.
2. Objective/Accusative – pronoun for
object in the sentence.
Example :
The port officer inspects us on board.
The Chief Officer gave me the procedure.
You have found them.
2. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Reflexive pronouns are the reflection
of the pronoun itself.
Example :
I help myself this morning.
Hasan loves himself.
They love themselves.
If Reflexive pronoun is put after noun or pronoun
itself, it is called Intensive Pronoun which functions
to stress the pronoun.
Example :
a. He himself wrote the letter
b. Robert himself who gave this gift to me.
(Robert the one who give me, not others)
c. Ellie herself who told me so.
( Ellie the one who told me )
d. They themselves repaired the car.
3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

Here are the possessive pronouns and some

examples in sentences below. Look carefully
that possessive pronoun never put before the
noun.
Possessive Pronoun Example
Mine This book is mine.
Yours (singular) That car is yours.
Hers The expensive watch is hers.
His The house on Chamber Street is
Ours his.
Yours (plural) The cute dog is ours.
Theirs Those friends are yours.
Its This ball is theirs.
–
No possessive pronoun for ‘it’, so we can’t say
“The book is its“. Possessive pronoun often to
be put at the end of the sentence and usually
stress the sentence. “This is my book "can
mean
factual enough, but the sentence "This book is
mine "more stress to the owner of the book.
EXAMPLES:
1. Whose watch is this? Oh, it’s mine.
2. And whose pen is this? It’s Tim’s, I think.
3. Whose CDs are these? They’re mine. Do you like
them? Sure, I’ve got the same CDs at home.
4. Who lives in that house? Oh, that’s the Jones’
house. This is our house. Your house is really
nice.
Thanks.
5. Is this your car? No that’s not mine, it’s my
neighbor's.
This is mine.
4. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

Demonstrative pronouns are usually used to

describe animals, places or things, however
they can be used to describe people when the
person is identified.
EXAMPLE :
 This is a lifejacket. That is a lifebuoy.
 These are lifejackets. Those are lifebuoys
 The price of gold is cheaper than that of
silver. (that here means price)
 Such was her command
 None of these answers are correct
 Neither of the horses can be ridden
5. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
Interrogative pronouns are question words which
are used to ask questions such as : Who, What,
Whom, Whose and Which

Who = used for person as subject

What = used for all noun words
Which = used for giving options
Whom = used for person as object
Whose = used for person as the owner of the
noun
 
EXAMPLE :

 Who is he ?
 What do you want ?
 Which seat do you like ?
 Whom do you speak with? With whom do you
speak?
 Whom do you take the book from? From
whom do you take the book?
 Whose books are these ?
6. RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative pronouns (Connecting Pronouns)
Are pronouns as subject function as
Connector which is substitute the
previous word of subject and as
connector between noun and adverb
such as :Who, Whom, Whose, That and
Which.
 Two kinds of Relative Pronouns: Defining
Relative and Non-Defining
DEFINING RELATIVE
 That (which)is used to substitute the subject
if the subject is noun.
Example :
Jakarta is a capital city
It is an attractive city
Jakarta which is a capital city is an
attractive city.
 Who (that) is used to substitute subject if the
subject is a personal pronoun.
Example :
My uncle is a Captain
He lives in Jakarta
My uncle who lives in Jakarta is a Captain.
Atau : My uncle who is a Captain lives in Jakarta.
 That (which)is used to substitute subject if the
subject are animal or another object.
Example :
Where are the fire extinguishers?
I asked you to get them for me.
Where are the fire extinguishers (that) I asked you
to get for me.
 That (whom)is used to substitute object if the
object is person. It is rarely used or usually
eliminated.
Example :
The man has just left.
You want to meet him.
The man (that/whom) you want to meet has just
left.
 That (which)is used to substitute object and
sometimes can be eliminated if the object isn’t the
people.
Example :
This is the book.
We received it yesterday.
This is the book which we received yesterday.
 Whom is used to substitute object if the object is a
personal pronoun. In informal situation often be
deleted.
Example :
The Second Officer will sign off on the next port.
I met him last night.
The second Officer whom I met last night will sign
off on the next port.
 Whose is used to substitute people’s belonging or
animals .
Example :
– Here is the cat.
Its leg is hurt.
Here is the cat whose leg is hurt.
– Ramon is my friend.
His Father died last week.
Ramon whose Father died last week is my friend.
 Of Which is used to substitute things or objects.
Example :
This is the chart table.
Its leg is broken.
This is the chart table of which leg is broken.
 Where is specially used as additional sentence.
Example :
Is this the port?
The ship will load the cargo.
Is this the port where the ship will load the cargo?
NON DEFINING RELATIVE
In a sentence, non-defining relative which
functions to give additional information to
subject (noun or pronouns ). non-defining
relative always be written between two
commas.
 Who is used to substitute subject if the subject is
people.
Example :
My grandfather still plays golf.
He is over 60 years.
My grandfather, who is over 60 years, still plays
golf.
WHICH IS USED TO :

 Substitute the subject if the subject is thing

or object.
Example :
This ship is going to be painted again.
It is very old.
This ship, which is very old, is going to be
painted again.
 Substitute object if the object is animal or thing
and couldn’t be eliminated.
Example :
Mr. John’s sheep are now in the blucher's shop.
He sold them yesterday.
Mr. John’s sheep, which he sold yesterday, are now
in the blucher's shop.
 Substitute the object and the object couldn’t be
eliminated.
Example :
This port was built in 1890.
We will discharge the cargo at it.
This port, at which we will discharge the cargo, was
built in 1890.
WHOM IS USED TO :

 Substitute object if the object is people and

couldn’t be eliminated.
Example :
Miss. Rose has a wonderful black hair.
Mr. Tom is going to marry her.
Miss. Rose, whom Mr. Tom is going to marry,
has a wonderful black hair.
 Substitute object if the object is people and put
before object.
Example :
The Captain speaks English very well.
I sailed to London with him.
The Captain, whom i sailed to London with, speaks
English very well.
 Whose is used to substitute people’s belonging.
Example :
The woman wants to know about you.
You entered her boutique last night.
The woman, whose boutique you entered last night,
wants to know about you.
 Where is used as additional adverb of place.
Example :
Yogyakarta is visited by thousands of tourist every year.
I have studied there for several years.
Yogyakarta, where I have studied there for several years,
is visited by thousands of tourist every year.