DISASTER MANANGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO:
AR. GEETANJALI KAPOOR
CONTENTS
1. DISASTER
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 ELEMENTS AT RISK
1.3 EFFECTS OF DISASTER
1.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER
1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER
1.6 SEVERITY OF DISASTER
1.7 WHEN AND WHERE IT OCCURS ?
1.8 PHASES OF DISASTER
1.9 DISASTER DIMENSIONS
1.9 DISASTER DIMENSIONS
1.1O TYPES OF DISASTER
2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 AIMS/ GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.3 PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.4 PHASES OF MANAGEMENT
2.4.1 DISASTER RESPONSE
2.4.2 RELIEF PHASE
2.4.3 RECOVERY PHASE
2.4.4 REHABILITATION PHASE
2.4.5 DISASTER MITIGATION
2.4.6 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
3. ROLE, FUNCTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ARCHITECT
4. NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL , STATE AND MUNICIPAL LEVEL
5. POST DISASTER PROBLEMS
5.1 DISEASES AFTER MAN MADE DISASTERS
5.2 OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
5.3 MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTERS
5.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 1. DISASTER

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
• A sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction 
<natural disasters> ;  broadly :  a sudden or great misfortune or failure.
By- Merriam Webster
• A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a
community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental
losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own
resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.
By- The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
1.2 ELEMENTS AT RISK
• People
• Livestock
• Rural Housing Stock
• Crops, Trees,Telephone, Electric poles
• Boats, Looms, Working Implements
• Personal Property
• Electricity, Water and Food Supplies
• Infrastructure Support
1.3 EFFECTS OF DISASTER :

• Population displacement
• Injury or Death
• Risk of epidemic of diseases
• Damage to infrastructure
• Psychological problems
• Food shortage
• Socioeconomic losses
• Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.

1.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER

• Predictability
• Controllability
• Speed of onset
• Length of forewarning
• Duration of impact
• Scope and intensity of impact
1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER
HOST FACTORS
• Age
• Immunization status
• Degree of mobility
• Emotional stability

• Physical Factors
• Chemical Factors
ENVIRONMENTAL • Biological Factors
FACTORS • Social Factors
• Psychological Factors
1.6 SEVERITY OF DISASTER :
The severity of the impact depends upon many factors :
• Predictability : Some of the disasters such as cyclones, floods can be
predicted and the degree of preparedness will be high.
• Type of Disaster : In Earthquakes, the mortality is high because the
people get crushed below the falling objects and collapsed buildings
• Density and population distribution.
• Opportunity of warning.
• Condition of the environment.

1.7 WHEN AND WHERE IT OCCURS ?

• Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any part of
the world.
• Some disasters can be predicted and whereas some
cannot be predicted.
• Warfare is a special category, because it is well
planned and damage is the intended goal of action.
1.8 PHASES OF DISASTER

PRE-IMPACT PHASE IMPACT PHASE POST-IMPACT PHASE

1.9 DISASTER DIMENSIONS
• Disruption to normal pattern of life, usually severe and may also be sudden,
unexpected and widespread
• Human effects like loss of life, injury, hardship and adverse effect on health
• Effect on social infrastructure such as destruction of or damage to government
systems, buildings, communications and essential services
• Community needs such shelter, food, clothing, medical assistance and social
care.

Disaster Duration
Floods Days And Weeks
1.10 TYPES OF DISASTER
Earthquakes Seconds/Minutes
Cyclones Days MAN MADE
NATURAL DISASTERS
DISASTERS
Droughts Months

Meteorological Technological

Topographical Industrial

Environmental Warfare
1.10.1 MANMADE DISASTER

Technological Industrial Warfare

• Transport failure • Chemical spills • War

• Public place • Radioactive spills • Terrorism
failure • Internal conflicts
• Fire • Civil unrest
• CBRNE
1.10.2 NATURAL DISASTER

Meteorological Topographical Environmental

Disasters Disasters Disasters

• Floods • Earthquake • Global

• Tsunami • Volcanic warming
• Cyclone Eruptions • El Niño-
• Hurricane • Landslides Southern
• Typhoon and Oscillation
• Snow storm Avalanches • Ozone
• Asteroids depletion-
• Blizzard UVB Radiation
• Limnic
• Hail storm • Solar flare
eruptions
2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

• The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in
order to lessen the impact of disasters.
By- The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
• Disaster management does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating
plans to decrease the effect of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to human
mortality, lost revenue, and damage to assets. 

• It involves:
 Dealing with and avoiding both natural and man made disasters. 
 Preparedness before disaster.
 Rebuilding and supporting society after natural disasters.
Activities that reduce
effects of disasters
• Building codes &
zoning
• Vulnerability
analyses
• Public education
Activities prior to a
disaster.
• Preparedness plans
Preparedness • Emergency exercises
• Training,
• Warning systems

Disaster
Mitigation Response
Management
Activities during a
disaster.
• Public warning
Activities following a systems
disaster. Recovery • Emergency
• Temporary housing operations
• Claims processing • Search & rescue
• Grants
• Medical care
2.2 AIMS/ GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Reduce (Avoid, if possible) the potential losses (lives & infrastructure) from
hazards.
• Reduce the risks by timely measures, short-term and long-term policies
• Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster when necessary.
• Achieve rapid, effective, sustained & durable recovery & rehabilitation.

2.3 PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• COMPREHENSIVE – Disaster managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases,
and all impacts relevant to disasters.
• PROGRESSIVE – Anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures
• RISK-DRIVEN – Use sound risk management principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and
impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
• INTEGRATED – Ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a
community.
• Collaborative – Create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals and
organizations .
• Coordinated – Synchronize the activities to achieve a common purpose.
• Flexible – Use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges.
• Professional – Value a science and knowledge-based approach for continuous improvement.
2.4 PHASES OF MANAGEMENT :

• Disaster Response
• Disaster Rehabilitation Recovery phase after disaster
• Disaster Reconstruction

• Disaster Mitigation
Risk reduction phase before a disaster
• Disaster Preparedness

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

2.4.1 DISASTER RESPONSE
• Greatest need for emergency care is in 1st few hours after the
impact.
• The management of mass casualties are divided into :

Search and Rescue

First Aid

Field care
2.4.1.1 SEARCH AND RESCUE & FIRST-AID :
Triage • For search and rescue the team should be organised
and work as one. Even with a good team the search
may be a small fraction in major disasters.
Tagging
• The immediate help is usually obtained from the
uninjured survivors.
Identification of Dead
2.4.1.2 FIELD CARE :
• The injured people are brought to nearest health care immediately by
available means of transport and people converge into health
facilities.
• The hospitals must get ready to deal with mass input of injured with
new priorities for bed availability and surgical services.
• Provision for food, shelter should be done.
• A centre to respond for the enquiries from patient’s relatives and
friends.
• Priority is given to :
a. victims identification and
b. adequate mortuary space.

2.4.1.3 TRIAGE :
• It consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the
severity of their injuries and their likelyhood of their survival with
prompt medical intervention.
• The principle of “First come, first serve” is NOT FOLLOWED.
• High priority is given to those whose immediate or long term prognosis
can be changed dramatically with simple intensive care.
• It is the only approach that can provide maximum benefit to large
population in a major disaster.
COLOUR CODING IN A TRIAGE :
• Triage should be carried out at the site of the disaster.
• Local health workers should be taught the principles of triage as
a part of disaster training.
• People with minor injuries should be treated in their homes to
avoid social dislocation and drain the resources which are
needed by severely injured person.
• All persons should be tagged with details – name, age, place of
origin, triage, initial diagnosis and treatment.

INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED FOUR COLOUR CODING SYSTEM :

• RED – HIGH PRIORITY TREATMENT OR TRANSFER.
• YELLOW – MEDIUM PRIORITY.
• GREEN – AMBULATORY PATIENTS.
• BLACK – DEAD OR MORIBOUND PATIENTS.
 2.4.1.4 IDENTIFICATION OF DEAD :

• Dead people care is most important in disaster management because they

impede the efficiency of rescue activities.
• Care of dead includes :
 Proper Respect.
 Removal of dead from the scene.
 Shifting to mortuary.
 Identification.
 Reception of bereaved relatives.
• Cadavers must be removed from water sources as they may cause outbreaks
of gastroenteritis or food poisoning.
• The health hazards from the cadavers are outbreaks of cholera, typhoid,
leptospirosis, anthrax, plague etc.
2.4.2 RELIEF PHASE :
• The phase begins when assistance from outside starts reaching the disaster site.
• The relief supplies are determined by two factors :
a. The type of disaster b. Availability of local supplies.
• Important needs are :
 Critical health supply and casualties.
 Food, blanket, clothing, shelter, sanitary engineering.
 Measures to prevent outbreak of communicable diseases.
 Donations(Funds)
 Transportation, Storage and distribution of food, medicines, vitamins.
 The four distinct components in Relief phase are : Acquisition of supplies,
Transportation, Storage and Distribution.
2.4.3 RECOVERY PHASE:
• Epidemiological surveillance
• Nutrition
• vaccination
2.4.3.1 SURVEILLANCE/EARLY WARNING SYSTEM :
• Rapid detection of cases of epidemic-prone diseases is essential to
ensure rapid control. A surveillance/early warning system should be
quickly established to detect outbreaks and monitor priority endemic
diseases.
• Priority diseases to be included in the surveillance system. In some
situations, the threats may include rare diseases such as viral
haemorrhagic fevers, plague or tularaemia.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASES:

• Ensure safe water, sanitation

• Primary health-care services

• The immediate impact of communicable diseases can be mitigated with the

following interventions:
 Ensure early diagnosis and treatment of diarrhoeal diseases and ARI,malaria.
 Ensure availability of drugs included in the interagency emergency health kit.
PRINCIPALS OF PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

• Implement as soon as possible all public health

measures,to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
• Organize a reliable reporting system to identify outbreaks
and initiate suitable control measures.
• Investigate all reports of disease outbreaks immediately.

VACCINATION :

Disaster Politics

PRESSURE
Public
Press/Media

Health Authorities

Mass Vaccination Programme

•Requires large number of workers •Leads to false sense of security about

•Supervision of sterilization is diseases.
impossible •Then to neglect of effective control measures.
 2.4.3.2 NUTRITION
• Disaster affects nutritional status of the population by affecting one or more
components of food chain.
• Infants, children, pregnant women, nursing mothers and sick persons are most
commonly affected ones.

STEPS FOR ENSURING FOOD RELIEF PROGRAM WILL BE EFFECTIVE:

• Assessing the food supplies after the disaster
• Gauging the nutritional needs of the affected population
• Calculating daily food rations and need for large population
• Monitoring the nutritional status of affected people

2.4.4 REHABILITATION PHASE

Starts from the moment disaster strikes

and ends with restoration of normality.
• Water supply
• Food safety
• Basic sanitation and personal hygiene
• Vector control
2.4.4.1 VECTOR CONTROL
• Control programme for vector borne diseases should be intensified
in the emergency and rehabilitation period.
• Diseases Of special concern are:
 Dengue fever
 Malaria
 Leptospirosis
 Rat bite fever
 Plague
• Flood water provides ample breeding opportunities for
mosquitoes.

2.4.4.2 WATER SUPPLY

• Survey of all public water supplies to be made
• Priority of ensuring water quality is by chlorination.
• Increase the residual chlorine level to about 0.2 to 0.5mg/litre.
• Existing and new water resources require the following:
 Restrict access to people and animals.
 Ensure excreta disposal at a safe distance from water source
 Prohibit water washing methods
 Upgrade wells to ensure they are not contaminated.
 Estimate maximum yield of wells. Incase of emergency ,water has to be trucked to
disaster site or camps.
2.4.4.3 FOOD SUPPLY
• Poor hygiene is the major cause of food borne diseases in disaster areas.
• Where feeding programmes are used, kitchen sanitation is of utmost
importance.
• Personal hygiene should be monitored in individuals involved in food
preparation.

2.4.4.4 BASIC SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

• Many communicable diseases spread through fecal contamination of drinking water and food.
• Hence every effort should me made to ensure sanitary disposal of excreta.
• Emergency toilet facilities should be made available wherever they are destroyed.
• Washing, cleaning and bathing facilities should be provided to displaced persons.
RELIEF V/S REHABILITATION :
• Relief and rehabilitation come immediately after the
disaster.

• The basic difference between them is that relief relates to

the immediate days and weeks after the disaster when
attempts are made to provide basic needs to the victims.

• Rehabilitation relates to the work undertaken in the

following weeks and months, for the restoration of basic
services to enable the population to return to normalcy.

2.4.5 DISASTER MITIGATION

• Mitigation is a key to national preparedness.
• This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal or
family health and to personal property.
• For instance, in a flood plain, home owners might not be aware of a property being exposed to
a hazard until trouble strikes. Specialists can be hired to conduct risk identification and
assessment surveys.
• Mitigation involves Structural and Non-structural measures taken to limit the impact of
disasters.
• Structural mitigation are actions that change the characteristics of a building or its
surrounding, examples include shelters, window shutters, clearing forest around the house.
• Non-structural mitigation on personal level mainly takes the form of insurance or simply
moving house to a safer area.
2.4.6 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Disaster preparedness is “a programme of long term development activities
whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to
manage efficiently all types of emergency it should bring about an orderly
transition from through recovery, and back to sustained development “

OBJECTIVE :
To ensure that appropriate systems,
procedures and resources are in
place to provide prompt effective
assistance to disaster victims ,thus
facilitating relief measures and
rehabilitation of services .

2.4.6.1 TASKS TO BE FOLLOWED IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

1)Evaluate the risk of the country or particular region to disaster.
India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural as well as man-made
disasters. 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity; over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion.
Of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per
cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from landslides
and avalanches. Vulnerability to disasters/ emergencies of Chemical, Biological, Radiological
and Nuclear (CBRN) origin also exists.
2) Adopt standards and regulation.
Following according to NDMA guidelines
3)Organize communication ,information and warning system.
Warning system is any system of biological or technical nature deployed by an
individual or group to inform of a future danger. Its purpose is to enable the
deployer of the warning system to prepare for the danger and act accordingly to
mitigate or avoid it.
4)Ensure coordination end response mechanism.
These mechanisms include the "cluster approach", which groups agencies with a shared
operational interest, e.g. health, water and sanitation. This approach helps to avoid
gaps and duplications. It also helps to ensure there is a clear lead organization in each
sector
5)Resource availability.
Ensuring that resource mobilization and financing are handled in a common way, such
as through a Flash Appeal or the Central Emergency Response Fund.
6)Develop public education programmes
If the public is to respond quickly and effectively to an
emergency involving toxic chemical agents, people must
be made aware of the risk from chemical agents and the
necessary protective actions well before an emergency
occurs. A carefully planned public education program is
needed to provide people potentially at risk with the
knowledge required to take life-saving actions.
7)Coordinate information with news media.
The media is an undeniable important player in the disaster management matrix
especially in the area of risk reduction advocacy, disaster mitigation preparedness
and response.
8) Disaster Drill
A disaster drill is an exercise in which people simulate the circumstances of a
disaster so that they have an opportunity to practice their responses.

• Efficiency of plans and Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPs) can be tested through mock
drills
• Exercises have 3 main purposes:
 To validate plans (validation)
 To develop staff competencies and give
them practice in carrying out their roles in
the plans (training)
 To test well-established procedures
(testing)
9)COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
• Community members resources
organizations,and and administration
should be the cornerstone of an
emergency programme

REASONS FOR COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

• Members of the community are the most to to lose from being vulnerable to disasters and the
most to gain to gain from effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programme.
• Those who respond first to an emergency come from within the community .When transport
and communication are disrupted ,an external emergency may not arrive for days.

• Resources are most easily pooled at community level and every community posses
capabilities .Failure to explore these capabilities is poor resource management .
• Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency affected communities to
design ,manage and implement internal and external assistance programme.
10)POLICY DEVELOPMENT

• It is “the formal statement of a course of action”.

• Policy is strategic in nature and performs the following functions
 Establish long term goals .
 Assign responsibilities for achieving goals.
 Establish recommended work practice.
 Determine criteria for decision making.
• The form of emergency preparedness policies varies from place to place . Six sectors are
required for response and recovery strategies .
• They are :
 Communication
 Police and security
 Health
 Search and rescue
 Social welfare
 Transport
NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT(NPDM)
On 23 December, 2005, the Government of India took a defining step by
enacting the Disaster Management Act, 2005which envisaged the creation of
the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime
Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by the Chief
Ministers, and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) headed by the
Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner.

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS

• Disaster Management Act, 2005
The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the national,
state, district and local levels. These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in
close harmony.
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY OF INDIA :
• It is a govt. Agency – under Ministry of Home Affairs.
• A group representing a public/private has recently been formed by the Government of India.
• Some of the groups' early efforts involve the provision of emergency management training for
first responders (a first in India), the creation of a single emergency telephone number, and
the establishment of standards for EMS staff, equipment, and training.
• Efforts are being made in making this a nation-wide effective group.
• It is funded primarily by a large India-based computer company and aimed at improving the
general response of communities to emergencies.
• District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA).

LOCAL AUTHORITIES
• Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and
Cantonment Boards and Town Planning Authorities.
• National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) .
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
VARIOUS DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

11)FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
• The National Disaster Response
and Mitigation Fund
• The National Calamity
Contingency Fund (NCCF)
12)EMERGENCY KIT

• Ready-to-eat and high-energy foods for 3 days

• Bottled water
• Extra prescription medications
• Baby supplies
• Special needs items
• Lanterns, flashlights, lightsticks
• Battery-operated radios, batteries
• Alternate heat sources
• Extra warm clothing and blankets
• Cash
• First aid kit
 3. ROLE, FUNCTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE ARCHITECT

• Disaster management focuses on saving human lives and decreasing economic

losses.
• The lack of preventive planning and design—both before the disaster and afterward
—is a critical problem with which the design world has only slowly been facing.
• Architect have helped to introduce innovative and sustainable building methods,
land-use planning, and environmental stewardship to disaster zones.
• A common ideology has emerged on how to bridge the gap between short-term
emergency needs and long-term sustainable recovery.
• If an architect can be part of disaster management team, great alertness and
sensitivity can be applied at the design level. For example Frank Lloyd Wright
designed hotels in Japan in his early career keeping earthquakes in mind and they
are very good examples even today.
• Design professionals and the construction industry have a significant role in the
health and safety of the environment and in disaster management.
• Their role includes a range of activities designed to maintain control over
emergency situations, providing a framework for helping those who are at risk to
avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster
• The architects can reduce the need for temporary
housing and prevents further injury or loss of life by
ensuring that structures are safe to occupy.
• Communities can prepare themselves for potential
disasters and mitigate or reduce the impact of
hazards so that they will not have to rebuild their
homes and businesses.
• When risks are addressed ahead of time, the
potential for damage will decrease.
• As expressed by FEMA, “mitigation has long been
perceived and practiced as an essential tool for
helping to save lives, reduce property damage, and
decrease the money spent on disaster recovery
efforts.”
• Informed and trained architects can be advocates for increased public education
and awareness by conveying the risks owners face and demonstrating how those
risks can be reduced through specific building mitigation methods
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
 4. NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT
NATIONAL , STATE AND MUNICIPAL LEVEL

The Disaster Management Act, 2005

• It was enacted under the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India.

• The Act comprises 79 sections and 11 chapters
• It provides for the pre-requisite institutional mechanism for monitoring and implementation of
plans
• Ensures measures by various wings of the Government for the prevention and mitigation
• In tune with the paradigm shift, the State Governments have been advised to amend their
Relief Codes
• The Act provides for a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
• The State governments shall create State Disaster Management Authorities and Districts
District Disaster Management Authorities
• There shall be a Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Mitigation Fund at national, state and
district levels
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), as the apex body in the
GoI, has the responsibility of laying down policies, plans and guidelines for DM
and coordinating their enforcement and implementation for ensuring timely
and effective response to disasters.
• In essence, NDMA will concentrate on prevention, preparedness, mitigation,
rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery and also formulate appropriate
policies and guidelines for effective and synergised national disaster response
and relief. It will also coordinate the enforcement and implementation of
policies and plans.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has institutional
capacity development as one of its major responsibilities along with
training, documentation of research, networking and development of a
national level information base. NIDM will function closely within the
broad policies and guidelines laid down by NDMA and assist in
developing training modules

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

The DM Act 2005 has mandated the constitution of the National
Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for the purpose of specialised
response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster. The general
superintendence, direction and control of the force is vested in, and
exercised by, NDMA and the command and supervision of this force is
vested in the Director General of NDRF. Presently, NDRF comprises
eight battalions with further expansion to be considered in due
course.
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE (NDRF)
• 10 NDRF Bns, a Specialist Response
Force with :
 High skill training
 State of the art equipments
• A Multi Disciplinary, multi skilled and
high tech Force -for all types of
disasters capable of insertion by Air,
Sea & Land.
• All NDRF Bns to be equipped and
trained for all natural disasters
including NBC. Dedicated exclusively
for Disaster Response.

COMPOSITION OF NDRF BNS

• Each Bn have 1149 personnel
• Each Bn have 18 specialist teams of
44 Members to handle natural & NBC
disasters.
• Each team have Engineers,
Paramedics, Technician,
Electrician, Communication
personnel & Dog squad, organized,
equipped and trained for all type of
disasters. AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY OF NDRF BNS
STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
At the state level, the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
headed by the Chief Minister, will lay down policies and plans for DM in
the state. It will, inter alia, approve the state plan in accordance with
the guidelines laid down by NDMA

DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

At the cutting edge level, the District Disaster Management Authority
(DDMA) headed by the District Magistrate, with the elected
representative of the local authority as the co-chairperson,will act as
the planning, coordinating and implementing body for DM and take all
necessary measures for the purposes of DM in the district in accordance
with the guidelines laid down by NDMA and SDMA.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES
This includes Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRIs), district and Cantonment Boards and Town Planning Authorities for
control and management of civic services. These bodies will ensure
capacity building of their officers and employees in DM, carry out relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affected areas and will
prepare DM plans in consonance with guidelines of NDMA, SDMAs and
DDMAs
CIVIL DEFENCE
In any disaster, it is the community that is always the first responder.
Outside help comes in only later. Training the community and making
such response organised is therefore of utmost importance.
5. POST DISASTER PROBLEMS
• Health-
 Physical – injuries, Disabilities, Coma , Death.
 Psychological- Cognitive, Behavioral, Social.

• Structural Damage – to variable extent.

• Ecological- Changes in eco system.
• Economical-Financial losses.
5.1 DISEASES AFTER MAN MADE DISASTERS
• Will depend upon particular exposure type.
• Symptoms and diseases differ widely.
• Spectrum may range from simple non fatal injuries to chromosomal defects.
• Again technology that is capable of producing mass destruction weapons and
developments in bio-technology leading to invention of deadly bio-attack organisms,
is of ever growing concern for world .

5.2 OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS

5.2 OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
• Sexual violence
 Rape, Exploitation & Sexual violence
 Causes: Separation of women from family
 Weakened social structures
 Increased aggressive behavior
• Human right violations
 Torture of civilian
 Physical and psychological harms
 Sex trafficking
 Child labour
 Denial of basic needs
5.3 MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTERS
• Post traumatic stress disorder
 Stage one- Adrenergic surge.
 Stage two- Helplessness and a loss of self-control.
 Stage three- Despondency (dispiritedness)and demoralization.

• Children -Developmental age is more important

 Preschoolers- Increased arousal, fear.
 School-age children- reckless ,psychosomatic signs.

• Adolescents- Some partake in rescue and recovery, regression & withdrawal possible.

• Elderly - Increased risk for physical injury, than mental.

5.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES :

The potential risk of communicable diseases are
influenced by six types of adverse changes. These are :
• Changes in pre existent levels of disease
• Ecological changes
• Interruption of basic public health services
• Displacement population
• Density disruption public utilities
• Population
5.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER DISASTERS
5.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER DISASTERS
• Pre existing Diseases in the Population : Dysentery, cholera, measles,
tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal parasites, scabies, skin infections.

• Ecological Changes :
 Altered ecology- vector borne and water borne diseases
 Living conditions - plague, louse borne typhus and relapsing fever.
 Stray animals and wild animal displacement- rabies.

• Damage to public Utilities :

 Water supplies & sewage disposal disrupted.
• Population Movements :
 Introduction of new disease or vector.
 In settlements - diarrheal diseases , measles, viral hepatitis, whooping cough, malaria
etc.
• Interruption in Public Health Services :
 Disruption of curative and preventive services.
 Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue
 Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping cough, and diphtheria.
• Altered Individual Resistance to diseases :
 Malnutrition increases susceptibility to diseases .
5.5 PSYCOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS AFTER DISASTER

Physiological Emotional Behavioral

Cognitive Symptoms
Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms

• Fatigue • Memory loss • Anxiety • Insomnia

• Shock symptoms • Distractibility • Feeling overwhelme • Substance abuse
• Profuse sweating • Reduced attention Grief • Gallows humor
• Fine motor tremors span • Depression • Gait change
• Chills • Decision making • Anticipation of • Ritualistic behavior
• Teeth grinding difficulties harm to self or • Hyper vigilance
• Muscle aches • Calculation others • Unwillingness to
• Dizziness difficulties • Irritability leave scene
• Confusing trivial
with major issues
CHANGES IN PRE EXISTENT LEVELS OF DISEASE

• Usually the risk of a communicable disease in a Community affected by

disaster is proportional to the endemic level.
• There is generally no risk of a given disease when the organism causes it is
not present beforehand
• Relief workers can conceivably introduce communicable disease into areas
affected by disaster.
ECOLOGICAL CHANGES CAUSED BY THE DISASTER

• Natural disasters, particularly droughts, floods and

hurricanes, frequently produce ecological changes in
environment which increase or reduce the risk of
communicable disease.
• Vector borne and water-borne diseases are the most
significantly affected.

POPULATION DISPLACEMENT
• Movement of populations away from the areas affected by a disaster can affect the relative
risk from communicable diseases.
• If the population moves nearby, the existing facilities some distance, the chances increase
that the displaced population will encounter diseases not prevalent in their own
community, to which they are less susceptible .
POPULATION DENSITY

• Because of the destruction of houses, natural disasters almost

invariably contribute to increased population density.
• Survivors of severe disaster seek shelter, food and water in less
affected areas.
• When the damage is less severe, crowding may occur in public places
like school and churches..

DISRUPTION OF PUBLIC UTILITIES

• Electricity, water, sewage disposal and other public utilities may be interrupted
after a disaster.
• Insufficient water for washing hands & bathing also promotes the spread of
diseases transmitted by contact.
INTERRUPTION OF BASIC PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
• The interruption of basic public health services
like vaccination, ambulatory treatment of
tuberculosis and programs for the control of
malaria and vectors are frequent, after disaster
in a developing country.
• The risk of transmission increases proportionally
to the extent and the duration of the disrupt.
REFERENCES

• http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disaster-management/
• http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaste
r
/
• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disaster
• http://urst.org/siteadmin/upload/4198U0316305.pdf
• http://www.design4disaster.org/category/projects-of-disaster/temporary-shelter/page/2/
• http://www.slideshare.net/PIRATERHINO/disaster-management-ppt?qid=d63d1eca-5214-4544-
9013-fa0ccc6a24de&v=&b=&
from_search=1
• http://www.slideshare.net/drsagargaikwad/disaster-management-by-dr-sagar-gaikwad?qid=d
63d1eca-5214-4544-9013-fa0ccc6a24de&v=&b=&
from_search=2
TOPICS COVERED TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. DISASTER • EXPLAIN THE TERM DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION • NATURAL AND MAN-MADE
1.2 ELEMENTS AT RISK • HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE , FUNCTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1.3 EFFECTS OF DISASTER OF AN ARCHITECT
1.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER • POST DISASTER PROBLEMS
1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER • NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL , STATE
1.6 SEVERITY OF DISASTER AND MUNICIPAL LEVEL
1.7 WHEN AND WHERE IT OCCURS ? • DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
1.8 PHASES OF DISASTER • PROBLEMS , ISSUES AND CONTROL / SOLUTIONS
1.9 DISASTER DIMENSIONS • FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF DISASTER
1.9 DISASTER DIMENSIONS • PHYSIOLOGICAL & PSYCOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1.1O TYPES OF DISASTER
2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 AIMS/ GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.3 PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.4 PHASES OF MANAGEMENT
2.4.1 DISASTER RESPONSE
2.4.2 RELIEF PHASE
2.4.3 RECOVERY PHASE
2.4.4 REHABILITATION PHASE
2.4.5 DISASTER MITIGATION
2.4.6 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
3. ROLE, FUNCTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ARCHITECT
4. NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL , STATE AND MUNICIPAL
LEVEL
5. POST DISASTER PROBLEMS
5.1 DISEASES AFTER MAN MADE DISASTERS
5.2 OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
5.3 MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTERS