Teachings for

Exercise 9F
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = sinθ
You need to be able to recognise the 1
graphs of sinθ, cosθ and tanθ
0 θ
-360º -270º -180º -90º 90º 180º 270º 360º

You will have seen all these graphs on -1

your GCSE

y
y = cosθ
The key points to remember are the
peaks/troughs of each, and the points of
1
intersection θ
0
-360º -270º -180º -90º 90º 180º 270º 360º

The Cos graph is the same as the Sin -1

graph, but shifted along (it starts at 1
instead of 0) y = tanθ

The Tan graph has lines called 1

asymptotes. These are points the graph
θ
approaches but never reaches (90º, 270º 0
-360º -270º -180º -90º 90º 180º 270º 360º
etc…)
-1
Period (length of wave) = 360º for
Sin and Cos, and 180º for Tan
9F
Teachings for
Exercise 9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = sinθ
You need to be able to recognise 1
transformations of graphs, and sketch
them 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
Transformation type 1

y  sin  y  a sin  y y = -sinθ

1
This stretches the graph vertically by a
factor ‘a’. 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

Reflection in the -1
y   sin  x axis
(all the y values will ‘swap sign’) y y = sin(-θ)
1
Reflection in the
y  sin( ) y axis 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º
(You get the same y values for the reversed x -1
value. -90 gives the result 90 would have) 9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = cosθ
You need to be able to recognise 1
transformations of graphs, and sketch
them 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
Transformation type 1

y  cos  y  a cos  y y = -cosθ

1
This stretches the graph vertically by a
factor ‘a’. 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

Reflection in the -1
y   cos  x axis

y y = cos(-θ)
1
Reflection in the
y  cos( ) y axis 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = sinθ
You need to be able to recognise 1
transformations of graphs, and sketch them
0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

Transformation type 2 -1

y  sin  y  sin   a y y = sinθ + 1

This shifts the graph vertically ‘a’ units. 1

 It is important to note that the ‘a’ is added 0 θ

on AFTER doing ‘sinθ’ 90º 180º 270º 360º

y  sin   1 y values all increase -1

by 1
y
y values all decrease y = -2 + sinθ
y  2  sin 
by 2 -1

-2 θ
“Adding an amount onto sinθ is a vertical shift”
-3

9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = sinθ
You need to be able to recognise
1
transformations of graphs, and sketch them
0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º
Transformation type 3
-1
y  sin  y  sin(  a)

This shifts the graph horizontally ‘-a’ units. y 90 y = sin(θ + 90)

NOTE: The ‘a’ is added to θ before we work out the 1
sine value…
y takes the same set of
values, for values of θ that 0 θ
y  sin(  90) are 90 less than before
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
y takes the same set of
y  sin(  30) values, for values of θ that
are 30 more than before y 30 y = sin(θ – 30)
1
“Adding/Subtracting an amount from the bracket is
a horizontal shift” 0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1

9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = sinθ
You need to be able to recognise 1
transformations of graphs, and sketch them
0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

Transformation type 4 -1

y  sin  y  sin(a ) y y = sin2θ

This stretches the graph horizontally by a factor 1
‘1/a’

Same set of y values, for 0 θ

y  sin(2 ) half the θ values
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
 
y  sin   Same set of y values, for
3 triple the θ values y y = sin(θ/3)
1
“Multiplying or dividing θ in the bracket is a 0 θ
horizontal stretch/squash” 270º 540º 810º 1080º

-1

9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
(90, 1.5)
y y = sinθ + k
You need to be able to answer questions 1
with unknowns in
0 θ
90º 180º 270º 360º

-1
The graph shows the Function:

f(x) = Sinθ + k

a) Write down the value of k

 0.5 (Graph 0.5 units higher)
b) What is the smallest positive value of θ
that gives a minimum point?
 270˚
c) What is the value of Sinθ at this point?
 -0.5
9G
 Trigonometric Ratios
y y = cos(θ+k)
You need to be able to answer questions with 1 y
unknowns in
70º 250º
xº
0 θ
The graph shows the Function:
-1

f(x) = Cos(θ + k)

f(x) = Cos(θ + k)
a) Write down the value of k We know k
 20 (Graph moved 20 units left) f(x) = Cos(θ + 20) On the y
 f(x) = Cos(θ + 20) axis, θ = 0.
b) What is the value of θ at x? f(x) = Cos(20)
 x = 250˚ Work out
c) What are the coordinates of the minimum? f(x) = 0.94 (2dp) the answer!
 (160, -1)
d) What is the value of Cosθ at y?

9G